Lecture 15 - Chemical Calculations III

Monday, March 4, 2024

10:41 AM

 

 

 "In the lab, the theoretical yield is a myth; the actual yield is the reality" - Unknown Class notes (1-14): https://bricejurban.github.io/CHEM101/ For more Tutorials, Videos, and Problem sets on Stoichiometry: https://chemteam.info/Stoichiometry/Stoichiometry.html Assignments this week: ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28698/assignments/1005439"HW 10 - Moles, Stoichiometry, Limiting Reactants, % Yield ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28698/modules/items/3019133"Reading Quiz on Chapter 5 Assignments coming up: HW 11 - Aqueous Solutions, Molarity, Dilutions HW 12 - Equilibrium and Le Chatelier's Principle Reading Quiz on Chapter 6 Activity: Chemical Reactions Reminder: Please turn in your Lecture 14 questions or upload to Gradescope Midterm 2: Grades are already entered on canvas and will be published on Gradescope after class. I will put the answer key outside SCNC 336. If you notice any errors in grading, please make a regrade request through Gradescope. Statistics Average: 70 Median: 73 St. Dev: 18 High: 98.5 If you completed the lecture 11 extra credit, this has been added to your midterm 2 grade. CIC (EDUC 107) Hours: Friday 11AM - 1PM Office Hours (SCNC 314 or Zoom): ﷟HYPERLINK "https://calendly.com/bricejurban/office-hours"By appointment Today's Schedule (3/5): Limiting and Excess Reactants Percent Yield Hydrates & Molarity Looking Ahead Thursday (3/7): Solutions Dissolution Reactions Using Solubility Rules to predict products of double-replacement Dilutions The Haber-Bosch Industrial Process of Making Ammonia ﷟HYPERLINK "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1_HoWz5Kxfk"GCSE Chemistry - The Haber Process Explained #76
﷟HYPERLINK "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1_HoWz5Kxfk"GCSE Chemistry - The Haber Process Explained #76 GCSE Chemistry - The Haber Process Explained #76 Press enter to activate, Machine generated alternative text: THE HABER PROCESS Haber-Bosch-reactionportion.png Machine generated alternative text: reactor catalyst 450 oc 300 bar ammonia (liquid) Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: + 3H2 NITROGEN HYDROGEN IRON CATALYST Fe ZOOatm 2NH3 AmmoNlA HEAT)
Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: + 3H2 NITROGEN HYDROGEN IRON CATALYST Fe ZOOatm 2NH3 AmmoNlA HEAT) The process of making ammonia is not only one of the most important chemical reactions but it also is a great way to understand multiple concepts in chemistry. Today I want us to practice determining the theoretical amount of product, i.e. the yield, formed in a reaction when we have a limiting reactant. Whenever there is a limiting reactant there is one or more excess reactants The ratio of the experimental (or actual) yield to the theoretical yield is an indicator of how well the experiment worked. In reality, this percent yield is always less than 100%. Reversible reactions Side products Improper ratio of reactants Wrong reaction conditions Example 1: Consider the case where we have 6.0 mol of N2(g) and 6.0 mol of H2 (g) in the reaction vessel to produce ammonia Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: Before Reaction After Reaction Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: o nitro atom • hydrogen atom Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: Before Reaction After Reaction If the reaction goes to completion, what is the maximum number of moles of NH3(g) that can be formed? Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: The limiting reactant is The excess reactant is * 2NH3(g) This mtio because all of it gets used up. because some of it remains at the end of the reaction. The maximum number of moles of NH3 that can be formed is: ________ mols Example 2: Now let's consider the same reaction but now are given the amounts in masses and 40.0 g of N2 (g) and 10.0 g H2 (g) are combined. Do we have the same limiting and excess reactants? What is the mass of NH3 formed (theoretical yield)? What is the mass of the excess reactant that remains? If the actual yield of NH3 was 30.3 g, what is the percent yield? Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: The limiting reactant is The excess reactant is * 2NH3(g) This mtio because all of it gets used up. because some of it remains at the end of the reaction. Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: The limiting reactant is The excess reactant is * 2NH3(g) This mtio because all of it gets used up. because some of it remains at the end of the reaction. 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Example 3: When white copper(II) sulfate crystals are combined with water, the reaction produces the bright blue solid copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate. If we have 35.0 grams of copper(II) sulfate and 35.0 g of water, how much of the hydrate can be formed assuming no higher number hydrates form. New concept 1: Hydrates Some salts can combine with water to form new compounds that incorporate water molecules into their molecular structure in specific whole-number ratios. Such water-containing compounds are called hydrates. 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Example 4: A 1.52 gram strip of aluminum metal is placed in 400.0 mL of a 0.500 M hydrochloric acid solution. Calculate the theoretical yield of H2 (g) in liters measured at standard temperature and pressure (STP). New concept 2: Molarity The amount of moles of a substance in 1 liter of solvent (water) A conversion factor to convert from volume of a solution to moles of a solute We don't use the molar mass! A 0.500 molar (M) solution of HCl contains 0.500 mols of HCl per liter New concept 3: Naming of binary acids Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink 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Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
New concept 3: Naming of binary acids When hydrogen is attached to a halogen it is named as: hydro[halogen]ic acid hydrofluoric acid = HF hydrochloric acid = HCl hydrobromic acid = HBr hydroiodic acid = HI mols ---> Before Change After New concept 4: Standard temperature and pressure (STP) At 0 °C and 1 atmosphere of pressure all ideal gases occupy 22.4 liters per mol. This is a conversion factor to convert from moles to volume of a gas at STP Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
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