Lecture 16 - Solutions I

Thursday, March 7, 2024

9:00 AM

"Life was born in water and is carrying on in water. Water is life's mater and matrix, mother and medium. There is no life without water." Albert Szent-Györgyi, Biology and the Pathology of Water Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 1971 Untitled picture.png Class notes (1-15): https://bricejurban.github.io/CHEM101/ Assignments this week: ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28698/assignments/1005439"HW 10 - Moles, Stoichiometry, Limiting Reactants, % Yield ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28698/modules/items/3019133"Reading Quiz on Chapter 5 Assignments coming up: HW 11 - Aqueous Solutions, Molarity, Dilutions HW 12 - Equilibrium and Le Chatelier's Principle Reading Quiz on Chapter 6 Activity: Chemical Reactions Reminders: Please turn in your Lecture 15 limiting reactant questions or upload to Gradescope Midterm 2 is published on Gradescope and the answer key is outside SCNC 336. If you notice any errors in grading, please make a regrade request through Gradescope. CIC (EDUC 107) Hours: Friday 11AM - 1PM Office Hours (SCNC 314 or Zoom): ﷟HYPERLINK "https://calendly.com/bricejurban/office-hours"By appointment Today's Schedule (3/7): Solutions Solubility Dissolution Reactions Solubility Rules Ionic and Net Ionic Equations Concentrations Dilutions Looking Ahead Tuesday (3/12): Stoichiometric Calculations involving Solutions Colligative Properties Water Water has many unusual physical and chemical properties The shape of the water molecule is peculiar with two hydrogen atoms with their positive formal charges one side and two lone pairs of electrons and their negative charge on the other, water takes on a strong dipole character which attracts ions. This leads to water surrounding ions as spheres of hydration (both a primary and secondary sphere). For its size, you'd expect the boiling point to be -100 °C, but it is 100 °C Similarly, you'd expect its freezing point to be -120 °C, but it is 0 °C Water has a high cohesion, allowing trees to pump water from the soil to a height of 50 meters or more. Water forms hydrogen bonds, acting as both H bond donors and H bond acceptors, thus forming hydrogen bonds with one another. In ice, all water molecules are bonded to another. Untitled picture.png Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Water forms hydrogen bonds, acting as both H bond donors and H bond acceptors, thus forming hydrogen bonds with one another. In ice, all water molecules are bonded to another. Liquid water is more dense than solid water (ice). This is different than almost every other substance and is the result of less hydrogen bonds in liquid water (~3 per H2O vs 4 per H2O in ice) Water is the universal solvent for life. ~70% of our body is water by mass. This varies from cell type with bones and fat cells having the least, but still ~30% Solutions When a substance is placed into water it can form a homogeneous or heterogenous mixture. When the substance is spread out evenly, it is homogenous and is referred to as a solution Solute Solvent.png NaC1 HO Solute Solvent NaCl (solute) + H2O (solvent) Solute: What's being dissolved (usually the smaller part) Solvent: What the solute is dissolved in (usually the larger part; usually water) Solution: Solute dissolved in a solvent Untitled picture.jpg Machine generated alternative text: WHY DO CHEMISTS NEVER ENCO!NTER RROBLEMSP ALL THE SOLUTIONS Untitled picture.png Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: Unsaturated solution Undissolved Saturated solution Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Untitled picture.png Molecular equation: NaCl(s) + H2O(l) ⟶ NaCl(aq) Untitled picture.png 들;이이 이 후 2월) Note the negative end of the molecular dipole of water faces the positive charges and the positive end faces the negative charges. Dissolution equation: NaCl (s) ⟶ Na+(aq) + Cl–(aq) Dissolution: The process of dissolving a salt in water. Solvation shells (spheres of hydration) surround each ion which is what we indicate when we write aqueous (aq). Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: Unsaturated solution Undissolved Saturated solution Unsaturated solution: A solution with less than the amount of solute needed for saturation Saturated solution: The maximum amount of solute that the given solvent can hold at a particular temperature. Solubility is always in reference to the saturated solution. Supersaturated solution: A carefully prepared solution that contains more solute than a solvent can normally hold. Prepared by carefully cooling a saturated solution Most solids increase solubility in a liquid with increasing temperature Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: 100 80 70 40 NCI 30 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Temperature (oc) Most gases decrease solubility in a liquid with increasing temperature Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: CH4 2.0 co 1.0 He 10 Temperature CC) Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: 100 80 70 40 NCI 30 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Temperature (oc) Solubility of liquids and solids is not greatly affected by pressure Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: CH4 2.0 co 1.0 He 10 Temperature CC) Solubility of gases is greatly affected by pressure Untitled picture.png before Untitled picture.png after Dissolution Equation Examples: KCl(s) ⟶ CaCl2(s) ⟶ K3PO4(s) ⟶ Fe(NO3)3(s) ⟶ Some salts have low solubility and reach saturation very quickly Untitled picture.png Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: Pbcro, Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Some salts have low solubility and reach saturation very quickly Examples are shown to the right. How can we predict this? Untitled picture.png Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: Pbcro, Solubility Rules Embedded file printout Solubility rules Half_1.png Solubility: The ability of a substance, the solute, to form a solution with a solvent (e.g. water) General Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds, applied in the order given: l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Most alkali metal salts and ammonium salts are soluble. Most nitrates, acetates, and perchlorates are soluble. Most silver, lead, and mercury(l) salts are insoluble. Most chlorides, bromides, and iodides are soluble. Most carbonates, chromates, sulfides, oxides, phosphates, and hydroxides are insoluble; except for hydroxides of Ba2+, Ca2+, and Sr2+ which are slightly soluble Most sulfates are soluble; except for calcium sulfate and barium sulfate which are insoluble. Solubility Rules for Salts Always soluble: • alkali ions, NH', N03-, C103-, C104-, C2H302-, HC03- Generally soluble: 2 Soluble except with Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+ Soluble except with Pb2+ Ca2+ Ba2+ Soluble except with Pb2+, Ca2+, Ba2+ Sr2+, Mg2 s 12+ Generally insoluble: 02 , OH- Insoluble except with Ca2+ Ba2+ Sr2+ alkali ions, NH4 coe- P043-, S2- S032-, Cr042-, C2042 Insoluble except with alkali ions and NH4+ Strong Acids HCI, HBr, HI, HN03, H2S04, HC103, HC104, H104 Gases that Form H2S (g) H2C03 (aq) C02 (g) + (C) H2S03 (aq) sch (g) + H20 (C) NH40H (aq) NH3 (g) + H20 (0 Strong Bases Li0H, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH TIOH, Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Embedded file printout Solubility rules Half_1.png Solubility: The ability of a substance, the solute, to form a solution with a solvent (e.g. water) General Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds, applied in the order given: l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Most alkali metal salts and ammonium salts are soluble. Most nitrates, acetates, and perchlorates are soluble. Most silver, lead, and mercury(l) salts are insoluble. Most chlorides, bromides, and iodides are soluble. Most carbonates, chromates, sulfides, oxides, phosphates, and hydroxides are insoluble; except for hydroxides of Ba2+, Ca2+, and Sr2+ which are slightly soluble Most sulfates are soluble; except for calcium sulfate and barium sulfate which are insoluble. Solubility Rules for Salts Always soluble: • alkali ions, NH', N03-, C103-, C104-, C2H302-, HC03- Generally soluble: 2 Soluble except with Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+ Soluble except with Pb2+ Ca2+ Ba2+ Soluble except with Pb2+, Ca2+, Ba2+ Sr2+, Mg2 s 12+ Generally insoluble: 02 , OH- Insoluble except with Ca2+ Ba2+ Sr2+ alkali ions, NH4 coe- P043-, S2- S032-, Cr042-, C2042 Insoluble except with alkali ions and NH4+ Strong Acids HCI, HBr, HI, HN03, H2S04, HC103, HC104, H104 Gases that Form H2S (g) H2C03 (aq) C02 (g) + (C) H2S03 (aq) sch (g) + H20 (C) NH40H (aq) NH3 (g) + H20 (0 Strong Bases Li0H, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH TIOH, Untitled picture.png Insoluble salt AgCl (s) ⇄ Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq) Untitled picture.png Polar covalent substance CH3CH2OH(l) ⟶CH3CH2OH(aq) Polar solute & Polar solvent Miscible (easy mixed) Untitled picture.png Polar covalent substance C12H22O11(s) ⟶ C12H22O11(aq) Polar solute & Polar solvent Miscible Untitled picture.png nonpolar covalent substance C₁₆H₃₂O₂(s) ⟶ NR Nonpolar solute & Polar solvent Immiscible (two layers) Untitled picture.png Strong Acid HCl(aq) ⟶ H+(aq) + Cl–(aq) Strong acids are strong electrolytes Untitled picture.png Weak Acid HF(aq) ⇄ H+(aq)+ F–(aq) Weak acids are weak electrolytes Like dissolves like Polar + Polar = Miscible Nonpolar + Nonpolar = Miscible Polar + Nonpolar = Immiscible Strong electrolytes dissociate completely Weak electrolytes dissociate partially Nonelectrolytes do not dissociate Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Strong acids are strong electrolytes Polar + Nonpolar = Immiscible Nonelectrolytes do not dissociate Chemical equations, Complete ionic equations, and Net ionic equations KCl(aq) + Na2S(aq) ⟶ There is no net ionic equation, because there are no spectator ions. AgNO3(aq) + K2S(aq) ⟶ ` Pb(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) ⟶ Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings 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Concentration Concentration: The quantitative ways of expressing the specific amount of solute dissolved in a solution. Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: Amount of Solute Concentration (C) = Amount of Solution When the concentrations of multiple solutions are compared to one another, each homogeneous mixture can be qualitatively described as being "concentrated" or "dilute," relative to the other solution.  Mass Percent (% m/m) (consumer products) Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: msolute (g) x 100 msolution ( g) Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: msolute (g) x 100 msolute (g) + Insolvent (g) 132 grams of tin (II) sulfate and 850. grams of water. Volume Percent (% v/v) (for miscible liquids) Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: 'Volume Percent = solute (mL) Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: Vsolute (mL) x 100 vsolute (mL) + (ml,) 519.2 milliliters of helium and 168.4 milliliters of molecular chlorine. Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Mass/Volume Percent (% m/v) (used a lot in biology) Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: msolute (g) Mass/Volume Percent — x 100 ¯ v solutlon (mL) 289.15 grams of calcium azide, Ca(N3)2, in 762.5 milliliter water. Mole fraction (for gas mixtures) Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: (mol) Mole Fraction of A (IA) = nA(moI)+ nB(mol) A gas cylinder that contains a mixture of 3.00 moles oxygen (O₂) and 7.00 moles nitrogen (N₂). Molarity (for most chemistry purposes) Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: nsolute (mol) Molarity (M) solution (L) 31.96 grams of magnesium nitrate [148.32 g/mol] in 943 mL solution of water Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings The large amount of solute will affect the volume of solution. If the density is unknown, we might estimate the density as 1g/mL as I did to the right. However, this is somewhat incorrect, as the solute-solvent interactions will cause a volume contraction. Determining this volume is not trivial . . . Ink Drawings approximately Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Molality (for colligative properties) Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: n olute (mol) Molality (m) = s msolvent (kg) You are studying the freezing point depression of water and prepare a solution by dissolving 0.50 moles of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) in 500 grams of water. Parts-per Notation (for very dilute solutions and water analysis) Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: msolute (g) x 103 parts per thousand = msolution g) msolute (g) x 106 parts per million (ppm) — msolution g) msolute (g) x 109 parts per billion (ppb) — msolution g) Oceanographers are studying the salinity of sea water in a coastal region. They find that a sample of seawater contains 35 grams of dissolved salts in 965 grams of water. In a water treatment plant, the quality of drinking water is being tested. An analysis shows that there are 0.150 grams of dissolved solids in 250 liters of water. An environmental scientist is measuring the concentration of a pesticide, DDT, in a lake. The analysis shows that there are 0.75 grams of DDT in 500,000 liters of lake water. 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Dilutions (Cover next Tuesday!) Untitled picture.png In chemistry and biology preparing diluted solutions from more concentrated solutions is an everyday process in the lab. By adding water to a concentrated solution we can dilute the solution. The number of moles stays the same, but the volume increases. Dilutions in the kitchen cm5l6rimage1.jpg Dilution Orange Juice Dilutions using volumetric flasks in the lab Untitled picture 5.2: Solutions and Dilutions - Chemistry LibreTexts Serial Dilutions Serial_dilution.png Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Serial_dilution.png 50 mL of a 6.0 M HCl solution is added to a 1L volumetric flask and filled to the line. what's the new concentration of HCl? I want to prepare 250mL of a 0.200 M HNO3 solution from a 4.00 M HNO3 stock solution, how much must I transfer to the volumetric flask? A physician orders 100. mL of 2.0% (m/v) ibuprofen. What stock solution did you start with if you used 25 mL of the concentrated solution?
The following successive dilutions are applied to a stock solution that is 5.60 M sucrose: Solution A = 46.0 mL of the stock solution is diluted to 116 mL Solution B = 58.0 mL of Solution A is diluted to 248 mL Solution C = 87.0 mL of Solution B is diluted to 287 mL What is the concentration of sucrose in solution C?

 

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