Lecture 17 - Solutions II

Tuesday, March 12, 2024

9:00 AM

"In a great number of the cosmogonic myths the world is said to have developed from a great water, which was the prime matter. In many cases, this prime matter is indicated as a solution, out of which the solid earth crystallized out." ﷟HYPERLINK "https://archive.org/details/theoriesofsoluti00arrh/page/n27/mode/2up"Theories of solutions: by Svante Arrhenius (1912) Class notes (1-16): https://bricejurban.github.io/CHEM101/ Assignments this week: ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28698/assignments/1005442"HW 11 - Aqueous Solutions, Molarity, Aqueous Reactions ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28698/assignments/1008080/edit?quiz_lti"Reading Quiz on Chapter 6 Reminders: Midterm 2 is published on Gradescope and the answer key is outside SCNC 336. If you notice any errors in grading, please make a regrade request through Gradescope. CIC (EDUC 107) Hours: Friday 11AM - 1PM Office Hours (SCNC 314 or Zoom): ﷟HYPERLINK "https://calendly.com/bricejurban/office-hours"By appointment Today (3/12) Dilutions Stoichiometric Calculations involving Solutions Colligative Properties Looking Ahead Thursday (3/14) Equilibrium Ocean Acidification Tuesday (3/26) ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28698/assignments/967940"Midterm 3 Dilutions In chemistry and biology preparing diluted solutions from more concentrated solutions is an everyday process in the lab. By adding water to a concentrated solution we can dilute the solution. The number of moles stays the same, but the volume increases. Untitled picture.png Dilutions in the kitchen cm5l6rimage1.jpg Dilution Orange Juice Dilutions using volumetric flasks in the lab Untitled picture 5.2: Solutions and Dilutions - Chemistry LibreTexts
cm5l6rimage1.jpg Dilution Orange Juice Untitled picture 5.2: Solutions and Dilutions - Chemistry LibreTexts Serial Dilutions Serial_dilution.png 50 mL of a 6.0 M HCl solution is added to a 1L volumetric flask and filled to the line. what's the new concentration of HCl? I want to prepare 250mL of a 0.200 M HNO3 solution from a 4.00 M HNO3 stock solution, how much must I transfer to the volumetric flask? Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
A physician orders 100. mL of 2.0% (m/v) ibuprofen. What stock solution did you start with if you used 25 mL of the concentrated solution? The following successive dilutions are applied to a stock solution that is 5.60 M sucrose: Solution A = 46.0 mL of the stock solution is diluted to 116 mL Solution B = 58.0 mL of Solution A is diluted to 248 mL Solution C = 87.0 mL of Solution B is diluted to 287 mL What is the concentration of sucrose in solution C? What is the concentration of a solution made with 0.150 moles of KOH in 400.0 mL of solution? What is the concentration of lithium ions in 0.450 M Li₂SO₄? Stoichiometric Calculations involving Solutions Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink 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Stoichiometric Calculations involving Solutions Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: atoms/molecules of A atoms/molecules of B x by 6_022E23 grams of A . by molar mass of A . by 6022E23 moles of A x by M or V Coeffcient B Coefficient A moles of B +byM0TV x by molar mass of grams of B V in liters or M of solution A V in liters or M of solution B What mass in grams of tin would be required to completely react with 1.20 L of 0.750 M HBr in the following chemical reaction? Sn(s) + 4 HBr(aq) → SnBr₄ (aq) + 2 H₂ (g) What quantity in moles of precipitate will be formed when 100.0 mL of 0.200 M NaBr is reacted with excess Pb(NO₃)₂ in the following chemical reaction? 2 NaBr (aq) + Pb(NO₃)₂ (aq) → PbBr₂ (s) + 2 NaNO₃ (aq) What quantity in moles of precipitate are formed when 25.0 mL of 1.00 M FeCl₃ reacts with 25.0 mL of 1.50 M AgNO₃ in the following chemical reaction? FeCl₃ (aq) + 3 AgNO₃ (aq) → 3 AgCl (s) + Fe(NO₃)₃ (aq) Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
If 355 mL of 0.325 M Pb(NO₃)₂ is added to 255 mL of 0.225 M K₃PO₄, how many moles of Pb₃(PO₄)₂ precipitate will be formed? The balanced equation is 3 Pb(NO₃)₂(aq) + 2 K₃PO₄(aq) → Pb₃(PO₄)₂(s) + 6 KNO₃(aq) Colligative Properties of Solutions When we add a solute to water, it changes the vapor pressure, boiling point, freezing point, and osmotic pressure of pure water. These changes depend only on the concentration of solute particles in the solution, not on their particular identity. Vapor Pressure Lowering The greater number of vapor (gas) particles above a solvent causes an increase in the pressure above the solvent, this is known as vapor pressure. If we make the assumption that the liquid to gas transition only occurs at the surface of the solvent, then it makes sense that when we add nonvolatile (non-easily vaporized) solute particles (red spheres) to a pure solvent that there will be fewer solvent molecules (blue spheres) at the surface (see image to the right). This can also be understood in terms of solute-solvent interactions that disrupt the ability for solvent molecules to evaporate compared to pure solvent. By adding more solute molecules we lower the vapor pressure even more. Untitled picture.png Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: Vapor pressure Pure solvent Lower vapor pressure 000000000 Solute and solvent (Timberlake 6th ed) Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink 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Untitled picture.png Where χ = the mole fraction of the solvent Boiling Point Elevation The standard boiling point of pure water is 100 °C. The vapor pressure of a solvent must reach atmospheric pressure before it begins boiling. Since a non-volatile solute will lower the vapor pressure, a temperature higher than the normal boiling point must be reached before boiling occurs. Untitled picture.png The change in boiling point is related to the boiling point constant of the solvent (Kb), the molality (mol/kg) of the solute, and (since the solvent is ionic) the van't Hoff factor (i). Freezing Point Depression The standard freezing point of pure water is 0 °C. When a solvent freezes it reaches a highly organized state. The disruption of solute-solvent interactions prevents this organized state from occurring, thus requiring a lower temperature than the normal freezing point before freezing can occur. Examples: antifreeze (ethylene glycol, C2H6O2) added to H2O in car radiators. 50% m/m lowers boiling point to -30 °C and raises boiling point to 106 °C salt added to an icy sidewalk antifreeze proteins produced by insects & fish to survive cold. Untitled picture.png pro-ZyZWr4uf.jpeg Machine generated alternative text: Bp 101.53 oc T increases Bp 100.00 oc Fp 0.00 oc Pure water Bp 100.51 oc Fp -1.86 oc I mole particles I kg water Bp 101.02 oc 2 moles particles I kg water 3 moles particles 1 kg water
pro-ZyZWr4uf.jpeg Machine generated alternative text: Bp 101.53 oc T increases Bp 100.00 oc Fp 0.00 oc Pure water Bp 100.51 oc Fp -1.86 oc I mole particles I kg water Bp 101.02 oc 2 moles particles I kg water 3 moles particles 1 kg water (Timberlake 6th ed) Increase in Osmotic Pressure The movement of water in and out of cells depends on solute concentration. In osmosis, water molecules move through a semi-permeable membrane from low solute to high solute concentrations. Molecules that are charged or too large are unable to pass between the semipermeable membrane. If we consider a salt solution (black spheres) vs a pure solvent, the water will try to equalize the concentrations on both sides of the membrane. Eventually, the height of the sucrose solution creates osmotic pressure that prevents the flow of additional water into the more concentrated solution The greater number of solute particles, the greater the pressure In reverse osmosis, you can apply a pressure greater than the osmotic pressure to force water from high solute to low solute. F2.png A Reverse Osmosis and Electrodialysis System Simultaneously Powered by Gravitational Potential Energy | IntechOpen Untitled picture Image result for desalination plant saudi arabia A desalination plant is an example of reverse osmosis Untitled picture.png Osmotic pressure, Π of a solution is calculated from its molar particle concentration (mol/L), the gas constant R (R = 0.08206 L･atm/K･mol) and the temperature in Kelvin Iso- vs hypo- vs hyper-tonic solutions The solutes in body solutions such as blood all exert osmotic pressure. Most intravenous (IV) solutions are isotonic solutions which exert the same pressure as body fluids. The most typical isotonic solution is normal saline (0.9% m/v NaCl). Another solution with the same tonicity is D5 (5% m/v dextrose) Red blood cells placed in an isotonic solution retain their shape and characteristics. Hypotonic solutions have a lower solute concentration and result in fluid flowing into the cell. Although this is sometimes administered purposely, it can be a huge problem if you are overly drinking pure water, especially after excessive exercise. Hemolysis is possible when the cells swell so much they burst. out-BYscVxHK.jpeg Isotomc solution (a) Normal Hypotonic solution (b) Ilemolysis Hypertonic solution (c) Crenation
Hypotonic solutions have a lower solute concentration and result in fluid flowing into the cell. Although this is sometimes administered purposely, it can be a huge problem if you are overly drinking pure water, especially after excessive exercise. Hemolysis is possible when the cells swell so much they burst. Hypertonic solutions have higher solute concentrations. The greater solute concentration can cause water to flow out of the cell. Blood cells can shrink and in a process call crenation form shrivelled cells. This is similar to the process of pickling (making cucumbers into pickles) out-BYscVxHK.jpeg Isotomc solution (a) Normal Hypotonic solution (b) Ilemolysis Hypertonic solution (c) Crenation (Timberlake 6th ed) pro-C94hkDSR.jpeg Initial Final Solution particles such as Na , Cl¯, glucose O Colloidal particles such as protein, starch pro-RedPxU7s.jpeg Blood out (filtered) Blood in Glomerulus I Collecting duet Ufine to ureter Dialysis This is a similar process to osmosis. In dialysis, a semi-permeable membrane filter allows for small particles to pass through (this includes ions and small organic molecules) but prevents the passage of large colloidal particles such as proteins. The cellophane bag can be further equilibrated by placing it into a new sample of pure water. Hemodialysis The kidneys are the organs responsible for cleaning the blood. When kidneys fail to focus waste products accumulate in the blood. Hemodialysis, is a method of cleaning the blood outside the body that prevents blood from leaving, but allows for waste products to dialyze out. pro-RDYO7NUm.jpeg Machine generated alternative text: Dialyzed blood Pump -—4 Dialysate During dialysis, waste products and excess water are removed from the blood. Urea and other waste products Dialyzing coil
pro-RDYO7NUm.jpeg Machine generated alternative text: Dialyzed blood Pump -—4 Dialysate During dialysis, waste products and excess water are removed from the blood. Urea and other waste products Dialyzing coil (Timberlake 6th ed)

 

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