Lecture 18 - Dynamic Equilibrium

Thursday, March 14, 2024

9:00 AM

"The solvent is the most disregarded reactant in solution chemistry. It participates, it influences, and it shapes the reaction, yet it is rarely accounted for with the respect it deserves." Henry Eyring Class notes (1-16): https://bricejurban.github.io/CHEM101/ Assignments this week: ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28698/assignments/1005442"HW 11 - Aqueous Solutions, Molarity, Aqueous Reactions ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28698/assignments/1008080/edit?quiz_lti"Reading Quiz on Chapter 6 Reminders: Midterm 2 is published on Gradescope and the answer key is outside SCNC 336. If you notice any errors in grading, please make a regrade request through Gradescope. CIC (EDUC 107) Hours: Friday 11AM - 1PM Office Hours (SCNC 314 or Zoom): ﷟HYPERLINK "https://calendly.com/bricejurban/office-hours"By appointment Today (3/14) Equilibrium Le Chatelier's Principle CO2/Bicarbonate Buffer System Ocean Acidification Looking Ahead Spring Break (3/18 - 3/22) Tuesday (3/26) ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28698/assignments/967940"Midterm 3 Irreversible versus Reversible Reactions Irreversible reactions: Proceed until a reactant runs out and the reaction reaches completion Reversible reactions: Both the forward and reverse reaction occur at the same time A reaction appears to stop when: When it reaches equilibrium When a reactant is used up When a reaction is very slow We know a system is at dynamic equilibrium when we can observe constant properties such as: [M] time Dynamic equilibrium does not mean equal amounts Dynamic equilibrium happens when the forward and reverse reactions take place at equal rates Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
We know a system is at dynamic equilibrium when we can observe constant properties such as: Constant volume Constant pressure Color pH conductivity Equilibrium Expression Given a reversible reaction: aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD where a, b, c, and d are the balanced coefficients and A, B, C, and D are the chemical formulas We can write an expression that represents the equilibrium: Keq = The equilibrium constant (Keq) is constant at a specific temperature. Only gases and dissolved substances are included in the Keq expression since their concentrations vary in a reaction. Solids and liquids are not included in Keq since their concentrations are relatively constant. Include: (g), (aq) Do not include: (s), (ℓ) The equilibrium expression (Keq) describes the extent of a reaction. If Keq >> 1, at equilibrium, the reaction is product favored. If Keq ≈ 1, at equilibrium, approximately equal reactants and products If Keq << 1, at equilibrium the reaction is reactant favored. Examples: HCN (aq) ⇌ H+ (aq) + CN‒ (aq) [HCN] = 1.3 × 10–5 M, [H+] = 9.0 × 10–8 M, [CN–] = 9.0 × 10–8 M Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
HCN (aq) ⇌ H+ (aq) + CN‒ (aq) [HCN] = 1.3 × 10–5 M, [H+] = 9.0 × 10–8 M, [CN–] = 9.0 × 10–8 M 2 NO (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2 NO2 (g) [NO] = 1.0 × 10–8 M, [O2] = 5.0 × 10–3 M, [NO2] = 1.0 × 10–3 M Al(OH)3 (s) ⇌ Al3+ (aq) + 3 OH‒ (aq) [Al3+] = 5.2 ×10–9 M, [OH–] = 1.6 × 10–8 M Le Chatelier's Principle When a stress is added to a system at equilibrium, the system will shift to reduce that stress The Rules: Add a reactant, shift to the products. Add a product, shift to the reactants. 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Add a reactant, shift to the products. Add a product, shift to the reactants. Increase temperature, shift away from heat. Decrease temperature, shift toward heat. Reactions that are exothermic ΔH < 0 (release heat); heat is a product Reactions that are endothermic ΔH > 0 (absorb heat); heat is a reactant Increase pressure (reduce volume), shift toward side with fewer moles of gas. Decrease pressure (increase volume), shift toward side with more moles of gas. Concentration of solids and liquids cannot change, adding a solid of liquid will not shift the equilibrium. Adding a catalyst will speed up the reaction in both directions equally, not affecting the equilibrium (only the rate) ﷟HYPERLINK "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_jypU3FvS_o"Chromate Dichromate Ion Equilibrium Chromate Dichromate Ion Equilibrium - LeChatelier's Principle Lab Part 2 Press enter to activate, Machine generated alternative text: a%nlfie 2H+(aq) + 2CrO42–(aq) ⇌ Cr2O72–(aq) + H2O(ℓ) (yellow) (orange) Observed Change Stress H+ CrO42– Shift Cr2O72– Add HCl (Add H+) Yellow -> Orange Too much H+ Add NaOH (remove H+) Orange -> Yellow Not enough H+ ﷟HYPERLINK "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ScWBj0hqOLE"Effect of Temperature on conversion of NO2 to N2O4 Effect of Temperature on conversion of NO2 to N2O4 (Le Chatelier's Principle) Press enter to activate, Machine generated alternative text: N2fa(g) + he red-br Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Effect of Temperature on conversion of NO2 to N2O4 (Le Chatelier's Principle) Press enter to activate, Machine generated alternative text: N2fa(g) + he red-br 2 NO2(g) ⇌ N2O4(g) + heat (amber) (colorless) Observed Change Stress NO2 Shift N2O4 Increase Temperature Amber -> Dark Amber Too much heat Decrease Temperature Amber -> colorless Not enough heat ﷟HYPERLINK "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cWr3UDo-WeU"Cobalt Complex Ion Equilibrium Cobalt Complex Ion Equilibrium - LeChatelier's Principle Lab Part 3 Press enter to activate, Machine generated alternative text: Onl%e heat + Co2+(aq) + 4 Cl–(aq) ⇌ CoCl42–(aq) (pink) (blue) Observed Change Stress Co2+ Cl– Shift CoCl42– Add HCl (Add Cl-) Add AgNO3 (remove Cl-) Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
(remove Cl-) Increase Temperature Decrease Temperature ﷟HYPERLINK "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1_HoWz5Kxfk"The Haber Process GCSE Chemistry - The Haber Process Explained #76 Press enter to activate, Machine generated alternative text: THE HABER PROCESS N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) + heat Identify what's changing Determine the stress (too much ____or not enough ________) State which direction the system will shift ← or → State whether each component of the system will increase (↑) or decrease (↓) or remain unchanged (—) N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) + heat Stress [N2] [H2] Shift [NH3] Add N2 Too much N2 Add H2 Too much H2 Add NH3 Too much product Remove N2 Not enough N2 Remove H2 Not enough H2 Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Remove NH3 Not enough NH3 Increase Temperature Too much heat Decrease Temperature Not enough heat Increase Pressure Not enough space Decrease Pressure Too much space Add a catalyst No stress no shift Example of a reversible reaction: CO2/Bicarbonate buffering system Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: C02 + H20 61 1.2 [TIM HC09 Carbon dioxide- bicarbonate buffer 24 mM Untitled picture.png "The most important buffer in the blood is the CO2/bicarbonate buffer. This consists of water, carbon dioxide (CO2, the anhydride of carbonic acid H2CO3), and hydrogen carbonate (HCO3–, bicarbonate). The adjustment of the balance between CO2 and HCO3– is accelerated by the zinc-containing enzyme carbonate dehydratase (carbonic anhydrase). At the pH value of the plasma, HCO3– and CO2 are present in a ratio of about 20 : 1. However, the CO2 in solution in the blood is in equilibrium with the gaseous CO2 in the pulmonary alveoli. The CO2/HCO3– system is therefore a powerful open buffer system. Faster or slower respiration increases or reduces CO2 release in the lungs. This shifts the CO2/HCO3– ratio and thus the plasma pH value (respiratory acidosis or alkalosis)." (Source: Color Atlas of Biochemistry, Koolman) Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: HC03 e C02 + H 20 ung ung influences H value by C02 xcretion Ocean Acidification and the impact on coral and shellfish 1 2 3 Figure-7_OceanAcidity-ChartREV1_Final-e1460747846316-750x522.png Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
1 2 3 CO2​(g) + H2​O(l) ⇌ H2​CO3​(aq) ⇌ HCO3−​(aq) + H+ (aq) ⇌ H+ + CO32− 4 sequestration of carbon by the ocean forms carbonic acid (reversible) carbonic acid breaks apart into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions (reversible) (forward) bicarbonate can break apart into carbonate and hydrogen ions (reverse) carbonate from shellfish can react with hydrogen ions to form bicarbonate. "The oceans absorb excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as part of the global carbon cycle. As atmospheric CO2 levels increase from the burning of fossil fuels, excess CO2 dissolves in the oceans and forms carbonic acid. This is the process of ocean acidification—a lowering of the ocean pH. A more acid ocean causes certain marine organisms such as corals, plankton, and shellfish to have difficulty maintaining external calcium carbonate structures. The ocean’s average pH today is 8.1, down from 8.2 at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Scientists estimate that ocean pH could decrease by 0.4 to 0.5 units this century as atmospheric CO2 increases. The pH scale is logarithmic, so a decrease of 0.1 equals a 30% increase in acidity. Oceanic biodiversity and food webs will respond to this change in unknown ways." (Source: Elemental Geosystems, Christopherson) Figure-7_OceanAcidity-ChartREV1_Final-e1460747846316-750x522.png Source: Oregon Conservation Strategy ﷟HYPERLINK "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7h08ok3hFSs&t=357s"Ocean Acidification - Changing Waters On The Oregon Coast

 

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