Lecture 23 - Thermochemistry II

Thursday, April 11, 2024

9:00 AM

Please complete course evaluations https://boisestate.bluera.com/boisestate/ +1% if >70% respond Please complete this questionnaire to reflect on ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28698/assignments/923957"Chemistry Attitudes and Experiences (End of Semester) I've posted an answer key to the Practice Exam: https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28698/modules/items/3051185 Class notes (1-22): https://bricejurban.github.io/CHEM101/ Assignments this week: ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28698/assignments/1016549"HW 14 Heat and Phase Changes due Monday Take ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28698/modules/items/3048351"Practice Test for Midterm 4 Read Chapter 5.7, 7.7, and 7.8. If time we may start chapter 8 Reminders: ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28698/assignments/967944"Midterm 4 is next Tuesday 4/16 and covers Lectures 18-23 Equilibrium, Properties of Gases, Gas Laws, Heat and Phase Changes My CIC (EDUC 107) Hours: Friday 11AM - 1PM Office Hours (SCNC 314 or Zoom): ﷟HYPERLINK "https://calendly.com/bricejurban/office-hours"By appointment Today (4/11) Heat during Phase Transitions Enthalpies of Reaction Phase Diagrams Tuesday (4/16) ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28698/assignments/967944"Midterm 4 Next Thursday (4/18) Acids and Bases Heat transfer during Phase Transitions (Heating and Cooling Curves) (pick up here on Thursday) During the process of melting energy is needed to change a substance from ___________ to ____________ At constant pressure this is known as the __________ of _________ (ΔHfus) and is typically given in kJ/mol The opposite process is known as ______________________ and the energy change is equivalent to __________ A related process that requires much more energy is the enthalpy of vaporization (__________ to ________) (ΔHvap) The opposite process is known as ______________________ and the energy change is equivalent to __________ Going directly from a solid to a gas is known as the enthalpy of sublimation which is equal to __________________ The opposite of this is the enthalpy of deposition which is ______________________ These are latent heat processes meaning the phase change occur at constant temperature Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
These are latent heat processes meaning the phase change occur at constant temperature Substance Molar Heat of fusion (kJ/mol) Melting point (°C) Molar Heat of vaporization (kJ/mol) Boiling point (°C) Ammonia (NH3) 5.6572 −77.74 23.32 −33.34 Carbon dioxide (CO2) 8.10 −78 25.3 -78.46 Hydrogen 0.12 −259 0.917 −253 Lead 4.8 327.5 180 1750 Methane (CH4) 0.95 −182.6 8.20 −161.6 Nitrogen 0.720 −210 5.60 −196 Oxygen 0.445 −219 6.82 −183 Water 6.02 0 40.80 100 How much energy is required to melt 20.0 g of lead at 327.5 °C? How much heat is released by the condensation of 2.88 mols of oxygen at -183 °C? When studying the energy required to transition between phases, it is useful to plot the temperature versus energy. When energy is absorbed by the system this is known as a ____________________ and when it is released by the system it is a _____________________ Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: heat (J) Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: heat (J) Find the energy required for 20.0 g of ice at -10 °C to change to steam at 130 °C. 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Enthalpy (Heat) of Reactions The heat given off by a chemical reaction or required for a reaction to occur at constant pressure is known as the enthalpy of reaction ΔHrxn This energy can be measured using a calorimeter and is useful for determining how much of a substance is needed for a certain amount of heat to be delivered, or how much heat is needed to initiate a reaction. The ΔHrxn is typically given in terms of kJ and written to the right of a chemical reaction. For each of the following reactions, the enthalpy change written is that measured when the numbers of moles of reactants and products taking part in the reaction are as given by their coefficients in the equation. Calculate the enthalpy change when 1.00 gram of the underlined substance is consumed or produced. (a) 4 Na(s) + O2 (g) → 2 Na2O(s) ΔH = -828 kJ (b) H2(g) + 2 CO(g) → H2O2(l) + 2 C(s) ΔH = +33.3 kJ Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
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pro-Qw9uUtKF.jpeg ".19 Y (0 - ZS.60 — (000 ICC 150.3 8 (COZ *2.092 x Of(s ( 000 pro-u4TGyMJW.jpeg 2-50 | Phase Diagrams of Pure Substances (Plots of substances Pressure vs Temperature) Phase Diagram for CO2 CO2-phase.png Machine generated alternative text: solid liquid riple point supercritical fluid critical point gas Given a pressure and a temperature you can find the stable phase (gas, solid, or liquid) As pressure and temperature are varied CO2 behaves as expected: As temperature increases you go from solid to liquid to gas As pressure increases you go from gas to solid or gas to liquid or liquid to solid The key to a phase diagram is the phase transition lines.  For example, in the lower left portion of the diagram is the sublimation line that divides the solid and the gas.  At the interface between the solid and the liquid is the melting line.  The interface between liquid and gas is the vaporization line Phase Diagram for Water (H2O) phase-diagram-water.png Machine generated alternative text: water Ice steam water vapor normal freezing point • normal boiling point O triple point D critical point
phase-diagram-water.png Machine generated alternative text: water Ice steam water vapor normal freezing point • normal boiling point O triple point D critical point Note how the solid/liquid line (ice/water line) has a negative slope! This means that you can melt ice by applying a higher pressure. Most substances (like CO2 above) have a positive solid/liquid line Phase Diagram for Carbon Carbon-phase-diagramp.svg.png Machine generated alternative text: Diamond Diamond + Metastable Graphite Graphite + Metastable Diamond Liquid Metaät* Liqui Graphite Vapor 4600 ± 300 K, 10 8±0.2 MPa The phase diagram for carbon is more complicated because solid carbon can exist as multiple allotropes, notably, diamond and graphite. The formation of diamond only occurs under extreme pressure conditions. Study of this phase diagram suggests that diamonds are not forever. The most stable form at atmospheric conditions is graphite (pencil lead)
Carbon-phase-diagramp.svg.png Machine generated alternative text: Diamond Diamond + Metastable Graphite Graphite + Metastable Diamond Liquid Metaät* Liqui Graphite Vapor 4600 ± 300 K, 10 8±0.2 MPa More explanation of these diagrams can be found here: ﷟HYPERLINK "https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_%28Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry%29/Equilibria/Physical_Equilibria/Phase_Diagrams_for_Pure_Substances"Phase Diagrams for Pure Substances - Chemistry LibreTexts

 

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