Lecture 3 - Classification and Properties of Matter and Energy

Saturday, January 13, 2024

10:09 AM

"Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood. Now is the time to understand more, so that we may fear less." - Marie Curie (﷟HYPERLINK "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1903/ceremony-speech/"Nobel Prize in Physics 1903) (﷟HYPERLINK "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1911/ceremony-speech/"Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911) ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28698/discussion_topics/653846"This week's overview Assignments this week: ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28698/assignments/984054"HW 2 (1.5-1.6) on Aktiv Chemistry due this Friday. Covers properties of matter and energy. No reading quiz on 1.5-1.6 ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28698/assignments/984555"Reading quiz on 2.1-2.2 due this Friday. ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28698/assignments/984618"HW 3 (2.1-2.2) on Aktiv Chemistry due this Sunday. Covers periodic table, electron configurations, and valence electrons ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28698/assignments/984055"Activity 1 (Elemental Exploration: A Personal Journey through the Periodic Table). Write-up by next week Wednesday (1/24) Peer reviews due next Sunday (1/28). Office Hours: Friday 11-1 CIC ﷟HYPERLINK "https://calendly.com/bricejurban/office-hours"By appointment Today's Schedule: Composition of the Universe Classifying matter Pure substances (Elements and Compounds) Mixtures (homogeneous and heterogeneous) Classifying energy Classifying forces Element Assignments! Properties of Matter Physical (Intrinsic & Extrinsic) Chemical Properties of Energy Energy Diagrams Thursday's Schedule: The Periodic Table (history & modern) Electron configurations (complete & condensed) Valence electrons Everything is composed of either matter or energy in ﷟HYPERLINK "https://youtu.be/u8lx19V7SNg?si=Q1W1DK9Z0ktZ4gQs"spacetime Click this link to open a wall chart called the Correlated History of Matter Includes: Timeline of Matter and Energy Earth Rocks and Minerals Meteorites and Rocks created by Impacts Periodic Table Fundamental Particles and Forces Double click this icon Untitled picture.png Matter and energy in toda Is Universe Dark Energy 65% Dark Matter 30% Free Hydrogen 4% and Helium Stars 0.5% Heavy Elements 0.03% Dark matter is an invisible substance thought to make up about 27% of the universe's mass, influencing the motion of galaxies and galaxy clusters, while dark energy is a mysterious force driving the accelerated expansion of the universe, comprising about 68% of the universe's total energy content.
Untitled picture.png Matter and energy in toda Is Universe Dark Energy 65% Dark Matter 30% Free Hydrogen 4% and Helium Stars 0.5% Heavy Elements 0.03% Dark matter is an invisible substance thought to make up about 27% of the universe's mass, influencing the motion of galaxies and galaxy clusters, while dark energy is a mysterious force driving the accelerated expansion of the universe, comprising about 68% of the universe's total energy content. The remaining 5% of the universe is composed of ordinary, or "baryonic," matter, which includes everything that we can see, feel, and measure directly - stars, planets, galaxies, and all other forms of matter made up of atoms. This includes the energy associated with that matter. How can we classify matter? Matter makes up the substances in the universe It is anything that has mass and takes up space We classify matter in terms of how it can be separated, either by physical or chemical means. 🍎 Embedded file printout Composition of Matter_1.png ixtu Is me composition unißrrn? atte Can it pnysica'y separated based on see, Censny. or physical property'? (Fitration. OistjllaW1. Evapuatjon, Decantabon. Magnebc Separation. Centrifugation, Chromatogram Sieving. Sedimentabon. Suünation, Extracton. Precimtabon, Recrystaüzabon. etc) ure Substan Can it be Chemicay aciCf--base omel chemical reactions) s disso 14kt gold 02 58.5% Au 440 ppm C02 cu trace gases such as water 14kt 'mite vapor and ozone 58.5% 115% Ni Am a" ams (Mercury ( F -"J another meta) A a nite Substance knownas a Solute dissolved in a liWid Solvent Meture (Components or phages 'med Phase Emulsions that dont mix (Exam*- and water) SOWd that dissolve in a but remain even S (Examples. paint, bk)Od) Very rme particles dispersed another Can be solid •quid gas, etc Examples: Wk, Fog) or mue different elements Examples: Water ("20) Table san (Nacr) sucrose (C12H22011) Examples: Gold (Aul Alumnum (N) oxygen (02) Ozone (03) Nitogen (N2) (NaCl in Water) Sugar soX (Sucrose in Viegar (acetic n water) Ink Drawings
Embedded file printout Composition of Matter_1.png ixtu Is me composition unißrrn? atte Can it pnysica'y separated based on see, Censny. or physical property'? (Fitration. OistjllaW1. Evapuatjon, Decantabon. Magnebc Separation. Centrifugation, Chromatogram Sieving. Sedimentabon. Suünation, Extracton. Precimtabon, Recrystaüzabon. etc) ure Substan Can it be Chemicay aciCf--base omel chemical reactions) s disso 14kt gold 02 58.5% Au 440 ppm C02 cu trace gases such as water 14kt 'mite vapor and ozone 58.5% 115% Ni Am a" ams (Mercury ( F -"J another meta) A a nite Substance knownas a Solute dissolved in a liWid Solvent Meture (Components or phages 'med Phase Emulsions that dont mix (Exam*- and water) SOWd that dissolve in a but remain even S (Examples. paint, bk)Od) Very rme particles dispersed another Can be solid •quid gas, etc Examples: Wk, Fog) or mue different elements Examples: Water ("20) Table san (Nacr) sucrose (C12H22011) Examples: Gold (Aul Alumnum (N) oxygen (02) Ozone (03) Nitogen (N2) (NaCl in Water) Sugar soX (Sucrose in Viegar (acetic n water) How can we classify Energy? Energy is what enables matter to move and change Embedded file printout Energy Flowchart_1.png nerg n ne nti pcwet Plants stars crams Rubber Band (Uranium) (Hydrogen) Energy can transform from one form to another The Total energy in a closed system remains constant Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Embedded file printout Energy Flowchart_1.png nerg n ne nti pcwet Plants stars crams Rubber Band (Uranium) (Hydrogen) Energy can transform from one form to another The Total energy in a closed system remains constant How can we classify Forces? Forces are the interactions that dictate how energy and matter behave Embedded file printout Forces Flowchart_1.png Force between charged partides Radioactive &cay Carried by mons Carried by W, Z particles FMce 01 attr action all masses Carried by gravitons? (not yet discovered) Structure ot universe Omits of *nets Terrestrial gravity In finite range A:ts on PMbcJeS Electriciy and Magnetism Electron-proton attracbon Electron• Electron repu On Much stronger than Gravity I nMite range Attractive Ot Acts on and leptons (e.g. nuclei and electons) weaker than EM but stronger than V" short range Acts on Warks. charged leptons, and Force that binds protons and neurons Carried b/ glums Holds nucleus togemer (the glue) Very st-Mt Acts on warts. and 'uons Higgs Fie A tied that gives mass to particles through the Higgs mechanism Carried by Hiws parbcÉ Not a force but essential lot the magg 01 W and Z particleswWch carry the weak force Peter Higgs ﷟HYPERLINK "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZLvHM_mt6Y"Neil deGrasse Tyson explains the Higgs boson particle BBC Radio 4 Neil deGrasse Tyson explains the Higgs boson particle Press enter to activate
Embedded file printout Forces Flowchart_1.png Force between charged partides Radioactive &cay Carried by mons Carried by W, Z particles FMce 01 attr action all masses Carried by gravitons? (not yet discovered) Structure ot universe Omits of *nets Terrestrial gravity In finite range A:ts on PMbcJeS Electriciy and Magnetism Electron-proton attracbon Electron• Electron repu On Much stronger than Gravity I nMite range Attractive Ot Acts on and leptons (e.g. nuclei and electons) weaker than EM but stronger than V" short range Acts on Warks. charged leptons, and Force that binds protons and neurons Carried b/ glums Holds nucleus togemer (the glue) Very st-Mt Acts on warts. and 'uons Higgs Fie A tied that gives mass to particles through the Higgs mechanism Carried by Hiws parbcÉ Not a force but essential lot the magg 01 W and Z particleswWch carry the weak force Peter Higgs Element Assignments! ﷟HYPERLINK "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cK2SVfDMMrU"The Periodic Table Song with real elements The Periodic Table Song with real elements Press enter to activate Our first activity this semester is to become an expert on an element. There are exactly 118 students in this class and there are 118 elements on the periodic table. Coincidence no? I have 118 element cards in my possession. You will randomly draw one to research. You'll write a short paper then share it with your classmates. Yay!
Here is the details of the assignment: ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28698/assignments/984055"Activity 1 (Elemental Exploration: A Personal Journey through the Periodic Table) Properties of Matter Chemists are interested in the various properties of substances. A property is any observable or measurable characteristic that helps us describe the sample Extensive Physical Properties Depend on the amount of matter present Mass Volume Amount of substance (mols) Untitled picture.png Untitled picture.png sdno Sli-l!d saouno Untitled picture.png um p/ geauad 01) 'ö•dd03 The-relative-size-scale-of-macro-micro-and-nanoscopic-objects-reproduced-with.png The Scale of Things — Nanometers and More Ahings Natural Things Manmade Oust mite — urn bbod —10 nm diaræk —2, ntn - 5 mm ash - lcm pm AT P synthea Atoms of sue' 0078 nm 10-0 m 0.1 mm IDOpm 10 I nanometers = I micronMcr 0.1 pm m run I nanometer (nm) i 0.1 nm Head of a 1-2mm O prn w'de 2) x •ray structure c of iron on co positicn•d one at a time with an "tip 14 The Challenge ItRtl make buckyban nanotube -1.3
The-relative-size-scale-of-macro-micro-and-nanoscopic-objects-reproduced-with.png The Scale of Things — Nanometers and More Ahings Natural Things Manmade Oust mite — urn bbod —10 nm diaræk —2, ntn - 5 mm ash - lcm pm AT P synthea Atoms of sue' 0078 nm 10-0 m 0.1 mm IDOpm 10 I nanometers = I micronMcr 0.1 pm m run I nanometer (nm) i 0.1 nm Head of a 1-2mm O prn w'de 2) x •ray structure c of iron on co positicn•d one at a time with an "tip 14 The Challenge ItRtl make buckyban nanotube -1.3 ﷟HYPERLINK "https://scaleofuniverse.com/en"Scale of the Universe (scaleofuniverse.com) Intensive Physical Properties Do not depend on the amount of matter present Color
Color Untitled picture Image result for quantum dots colors Change of State States-of-Matter-scaled-1-1536x1024.jpg States of Matter - Teach Kids Chemistry
States-of-Matter-scaled-1-1536x1024.jpg States of Matter - Teach Kids Chemistry Density Untitled picture.png Density vs Atomic Weight of Elements (colored by melting point) Ratl 10 cu In sn atomic weight (amu) Melting and Boiling Point 13188-2-49R-i1.png Solved: Chapter 2 Problem 49R Solution | Addison-Wesley Chemistry 5th Edition | Chegg.com
13188-2-49R-i1.png Solved: Chapter 2 Problem 49R Solution | Addison-Wesley Chemistry 5th Edition | Chegg.com Solubility ap6901.jpg Solubility Rules Chart, Notebook Size, Pad of 30 | Flinn Scientific Untitled picture.png
ap6901.jpg Solubility Rules Chart, Notebook Size, Pad of 30 | Flinn Scientific Ductile Malleability Viscosity Strength Luster Untitled picture.png Untitled picture.png Untitled picture.png јачЦН Untitled picture.png Untitled picture.png Luster etallic Vitreous Pearly Dull Chemical Properties Observed or measured by trying to change the chemical identity of the substance Reactivity Flammability Corrosiveness Toxicity Combustion Biological activity pH Radioactivity Oxidizer Untitled picture.png flammable combustible radioactive toxic oxidizer exolosive corrosive ovroohoric
Oxidizer Explosive Untitled picture.png flammable combustible radioactive toxic oxidizer exolosive corrosive ovroohoric Properties of Energy Chemical changes are always accompanied by energy changes Substances possess energy due to their composition and structure This is a form of potential energy called chemical energy The products of a chemical change are different in composition and structure than the reactants and will have smaller or larger amounts of chemical energy Less chemical energy in products More chemical energy in products Energy is liberated in the form of heat, light, or electricity Energy is absorbed in the form of heat, heat, light, or electricity This process is Exothermic This process is Endothermic ﷟HYPERLINK "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rdCsbZf1_Ng"Thermite vs. Car Thermite vs. Car Press enter to activate, F23 -Jon ﷟HYPERLINK "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PijjjHjjsck"The Endothermic Reaction between Barium Hydroxide and Ammonium Thiocyanate The Endothermic Reaction between Barium Hydroxide and Ammonium Thiocyanate Press enter to activate
750px-ExothermicSketchGraphKS4.png Exothermic - Key Stage Wiki Untitled picture Endothermic - Key Stage Wiki ﷟HYPERLINK "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cbRl1-Bw0dA"Hot and Cool Chemical Reactions The chemistry of hot and cold packs Hot and Cool Chemical Reactions Press enter to activate
Practice for today Untitled picture.png Write the symbol and name for nuclides containing the following numbers of nuclear particles. a. 8 protons and 8 neutrons b. 82 protons and 126 neutrons c. 92 protons and 142 neutrons Untitled picture.png Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in a neutral atom ofthe given nuclide. a. mercury-196 b. silver-107 c. nitrogen-15 Untitled picture.png Classify each mixture as homogeneous or heterogeneous. a. b. c. d. a bowl of corn flakes (with milk) air gasoline sterling silver Untitled picture.png Classify each property as a chemical property or physical property. a. b. c. d. the number of electrons an element is likely to gain or lose when mixed with another element energy required to boil a liter of a liquid how easily a substance cracks when struck the ability of a substance to react with water Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings heterogeneous homogeneous homogeneous homogeneous (alloy) chemical 𝐚. ﷐𝟖﷮𝟏𝟔﷮𝐎﷯ 𝐛. ﷐𝟖𝟐﷮𝟐𝟎𝟖﷮𝐏𝐛﷯ 𝐜. ﷐𝟗𝟐﷮𝟐𝟑𝟒﷮𝐔﷯ Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Untitled picture.png Classify each property as a chemical property or physical property. a. b. c. d. the number of electrons an element is likely to gain or lose when mixed with another element energy required to boil a liter of a liquid how easily a substance cracks when struck the ability of a substance to react with water Untitled picture.png Indicate whether the change described is exothermic or endothermic. If an aspect of the system is italicized, consider only that aspect. a. b. c. d. e. creation of liquid nitrogen from gaseous nitrogen formation of clouds from water vapor movement of steam through a turbine to produce power a slice of bread toasting a bowl of gelatin gelling in the refrigerator ***Extra information outside scope of class, but Fun!*** Fermions are generally thought of as particles of matter: the quarks, which combine to form protons and neutrons; and the leptons, which include electrons, the lesser-known muons and taus, and the nearly massless neutrinos, which only rarely interact with other matter. Bosons, on the other hand, are the "force-carrying" particles: the photons, the gluons, and the Z and W bosons. Fermions exchange these between each other to generate, respectively, the electromagnetic, strong and weak forces. (There is presumably a graviton for gravitation, but it has yet to be detected). Lastly, the Higgs boson does not represent a force, per se, but it is what imbues the fermions with mass. Bosons - named for Indian physicist ﷟HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose"Satyendra Nath Bose - are the conformists of the particle world, and photons their poster child. Technically speaking, they "show an enhanced probability to be in the same quantum state," ﷟HYPERLINK "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2004/wilczek/biographical/"Wilczek says. "More colloquially," he adds, "you might say they like to do the same thing." Think of a laser beam: It's made of countless photons all moving in the same direction, exhibiting the same color. They cooperate, in a sense. stew.jpg Forceful Spices all 5! QUARKS FermionBoson1.png chemical chemical physical (extensive) physical (intensive) exothermic (the gas must lose energy to form a liquid) exothermic (the vapor (gas) must lose energy to form clouds (a liquid of sorts) neither. The movement of a gas is not a transfer of heat endothermic. energy is being absorbed by the toast as it toasts (warms) exothermic. energy is being lost by the gelatin as it gels (cools)
Bosons - named for Indian physicist ﷟HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose"Satyendra Nath Bose - are the conformists of the particle world, and photons their poster child. Technically speaking, they "show an enhanced probability to be in the same quantum state," ﷟HYPERLINK "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2004/wilczek/biographical/"Wilczek says. "More colloquially," he adds, "you might say they like to do the same thing." Think of a laser beam: It's made of countless photons all moving in the same direction, exhibiting the same color. They cooperate, in a sense. Fermions - named for Italian physicist ﷟HYPERLINK "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1938/fermi/biographical/"Enrico Fermi - on the other hand, are antisocial. They refuse to occupy the same quantum state, or, to extend the analogy, they don't like to do the same thing. This is the essence of the Pauli exclusion principle, which finds its epitome in electrons. Because no two can exist in the same state, they are forced into the various shells around their atoms. This restricted arrangement produces all the elements in the periodic table, along with their dazzling chemical properties. A link to the article I found this information from -------------------------> FermionBoson1.png FermionBoson2.png Idon't want to sharea !room اسا لرا LWedon't mind sharing !roorns For more information on the fundamental particles of nature ----------> https://particleadventure.org/

 

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