Lecture 6 - Periodic Trends

Thursday, January 25, 2024

2:01 AM

“If you memorize the periodic table it will speed you up if you're a chemist, but by and large, the reason you have a periodic table is so that you can free up some part of your brain to do something else...” – Bill Nye ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28698/discussion_topics/658275"This week's overview Assignments this week: ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28698/assignments/984055"Activity 1 (Elemental Exploration: A Personal Journey through the Periodic Table). Write-up due yesterday (1/24) If not finished get it done! Peer reviews due Sunday (1/28). For peer reviews answer the rubric and leave a comment ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28698/assignments/984618"HW 3 (2.1-2.2) on Aktiv Chemistry due yesterday (1/24) Covered periodic table, electron configurations, and valence electrons ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28698/assignments/986501"Reading quiz 4 (2.3-2.6) due tomorrow Friday. ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28698/assignments/986593"HW 4 (2.3-2.6) on Aktiv Chemistry due Sunday (1/28). Covers ions, Lewis dot, and periodic trends Office Hours: Friday 11-1 CIC ﷟HYPERLINK "https://calendly.com/bricejurban/office-hours"By appointment Thursday (1/25) Schedule: Periodic Properties Radius Shells and Shielding Radius of Ions Ionization Energy Electron Affinity Share our research of the elements Review Looking Ahead Tuesday (1/30) Schedule Midterm 1 (in-class) chapters 1 and 2 Paper and Pencil Exam Scientific/Graphing calculator allowed One single-sided 8.5" x 11" sheet of notes. Practice Exam posted on Canvas Study by completing and reviewing the homework assignments, studying the end of chapter questions from chapter 1 and 2, and reviewing the lecture notes and reading quizzes ﷟HYPERLINK "https://ptable.com/#Properties"Periodic Trends - Link to Ptable.com Any trend we can observe when looking at the properties of the elements State of matter At room temperature Radius Hardness Conductivity Melting point Ionization Energy Density Specific Heat Boiling point Electron affinity Modulus Abundance The best way to study periodic trends is by looking at the trends yourself! Untitled picture.png Series Write-up State at Weight Helium Noble gases Wikipedia v 0 4.002602 Gas 2 N/A Melting point Boiling point Electron affinity Ionization, 1st v Radius, calculated Hardness, Brinell v 0 2,372.3 N/A -269 kJ/mol v kJ/mol v 31 Energy levels Electronegativity N/A MPa v Modulus, Young v Density, STP v Conductivity, thermal v Heat, specific Abundance, universe v Discovered N/A 0.1785 kg/m3 v 0.1513 W/mK v J/kgK v 5,193.1 23 1895 AD
Untitled picture.png Series Write-up State at Weight Helium Noble gases Wikipedia v 0 4.002602 Gas 2 N/A Melting point Boiling point Electron affinity Ionization, 1st v Radius, calculated Hardness, Brinell v 0 2,372.3 N/A -269 kJ/mol v kJ/mol v 31 Energy levels Electronegativity N/A MPa v Modulus, Young v Density, STP v Conductivity, thermal v Heat, specific Abundance, universe v Discovered N/A 0.1785 kg/m3 v 0.1513 W/mK v J/kgK v 5,193.1 23 1895 AD ﷟HYPERLINK "https://ptable.com/#Properties/Radius/Calculated"Atomic Radius The size of the atom from the nucleus to the outer electron Untitled picture.emf 8 (G (ğ fiğ When an electron is more attracted to the nucleus, the atomic radius is smaller ﷟HYPERLINK "https://ptable.com/#Properties/Ionization/1st"First Ionization Energy Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
﷟HYPERLINK "https://ptable.com/#Properties/Ionization/1st"First Ionization Energy Energy required to remove the first electron from a neutral atom A higher value means it is harder (more difficult) to occur Untitled picture.emf Energy Untitled picture.emf 375.7 kJ/mol 23723 kJ/m01 Li 520.2 Na 495.8 K 418.8 Rb cs 375.7 Be 899.5 Mg 737.7 ca 589.8 sr Ba 502.9 Ra 509.3 sc 633.1 Y 599.9 La 538.1 4988 Lanthanides Ti 6588 zr 640.1 658.5 Rf Ce 534,4 608.5 v 6509 652.1 Ta 7284 Pr 528.1 Pa cr 652.9 Mo w 758.8 Sg Nd 533.1 5976 717.3 Tc Re 755.8 Pm 5386 604.5 Fe 762.5 710.2 Os 814.2 Sm 544.5 Pu 5814 co 7604 Rh 719.7 865.2 rvlt 547.1 Am 576.4 Ni 737.1 Pd Pt 864,4 Ds 593 A Cm 578.1 cu 745.5 Ag Au Rg 565.8 598.0 zn 906.4 8678 (Jub Dy 573.0 Cf 606.1 B 800.6 Al 577.5 Ga 578.8 In 5583 TI 589A Uut Ho 5810 Es c 786.5 762.2 Sn 7086 715.6 U uq Er 589.3 14023 p 1011.8 As 830.6 Bi 703.0 Uup Tm 596.7 1313.9 s 9996 Se 9410 Te 869.3 Po 812.1 603.4 No 1681.0 Cl 1251.2 Br 1139.9 1008*4 At Lu 5233 Lr 4728 2372.3 Ne 20807 1350.8 Xe 1037.1 Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Untitled picture.emf 375.7 kJ/mol 23723 kJ/m01 Li 520.2 Na 495.8 K 418.8 Rb cs 375.7 Be 899.5 Mg 737.7 ca 589.8 sr Ba 502.9 Ra 509.3 sc 633.1 Y 599.9 La 538.1 4988 Lanthanides Ti 6588 zr 640.1 658.5 Rf Ce 534,4 608.5 v 6509 652.1 Ta 7284 Pr 528.1 Pa cr 652.9 Mo w 758.8 Sg Nd 533.1 5976 717.3 Tc Re 755.8 Pm 5386 604.5 Fe 762.5 710.2 Os 814.2 Sm 544.5 Pu 5814 co 7604 Rh 719.7 865.2 rvlt 547.1 Am 576.4 Ni 737.1 Pd Pt 864,4 Ds 593 A Cm 578.1 cu 745.5 Ag Au Rg 565.8 598.0 zn 906.4 8678 (Jub Dy 573.0 Cf 606.1 B 800.6 Al 577.5 Ga 578.8 In 5583 TI 589A Uut Ho 5810 Es c 786.5 762.2 Sn 7086 715.6 U uq Er 589.3 14023 p 1011.8 As 830.6 Bi 703.0 Uup Tm 596.7 1313.9 s 9996 Se 9410 Te 869.3 Po 812.1 603.4 No 1681.0 Cl 1251.2 Br 1139.9 1008*4 At Lu 5233 Lr 4728 2372.3 Ne 20807 1350.8 Xe 1037.1 Atoms prefer having a noble gas configuration of electrons (the "octet" rule). If that's not possible they also like having a full subshell (e.g. 2s, 3d) And if that's also not possible, they might also like having a half-filled subshell (e.g. N, Gd) There are also ﷟HYPERLINK "https://ptable.com/#Properties/Ionization/2nd"2nd, ﷟HYPERLINK "https://ptable.com/#Properties/Ionization/3rd"3rd, ﷟HYPERLINK "https://ptable.com/#Properties/Ionization/4th"4th ionization energies and so on until an atom runs out of electrons ﷟HYPERLINK "https://ptable.com/#Properties/ElectronAffinity"First Electron Affinity The energy released when you add the first electron to a neutral atom A higher value means it is easier (more favorable) to occur Untitled picture.png ydroge 2.8 ithium 9.6 odium 2.8 tassiu ubidium eeslum 87 Francium Be Beryllium 12 Mg Magnesium 20 Ca Calcium 2.37 38 Sr Strontium 5.03 56 Barium 13.95 88 Radium sc Scandium 39 Yttrium 57-71 89-103 22 Titanium 7.6 40 Zr Zirconium 72 Hafnium 104 Vanadium 50.6 Niobium antalum 105 Db Cr Chromiu 64.3 42 Molybdenum 71.9 74 w Tungsten 25 Manganese Iron 15.7 Technetium Ruthenium 53 101.3 76 Re os Rhenium Osmium 14.5 107 108 30 hrium Hassium Pm Neodymium Promethium so so co Cobalt 63.7 45 Rhodium 109.7 Iridium 109 Mt Meitnerium Sm Samarium so 10 28 Nickel 112 46 Palladium 33.7 78 Platinum 205.3 110 Darmsädtium Europium so 11 cu Copper 118.4 47 Silver 125.6 Gold 222.8 111 Rcentgenium Gadolinium so 12 30 Zn Zinc 48 Cd Cadmium 80 Mercury 112 Cn Copemicium Terbium so 13 ron 6.7 luminium allium 8.9 ndium hallium Nihonium Dysprosium so 14 Carbon 153.9 14 Si Silicon 133.6 Germanium 119 50 Sn Tin 07.3 82 Lead 35.1 114 Flerovium Holmium so 15 Nitrogen Phosphorus 72 33 Arsenic 78 51 Sb Antimony 103.2 Bismuth 115 Moscovium Erbium so 16 Oxygen 141 16 Sulfur Se Selenium 195 Tellurium 1902 PO Polonium 183.3 116 Lv Livermorium Tm Thulium so 17 Fluorine 17 Chlorine 349 35 Bromine 324.6 53 Iodine 295.2 At As tatine 270.1 117 106 See 18 Helium 10 Neon 18 Argon 36 Krypton Xenon 86 Radon 118 Og Dubnium Ce nth-num Cerium so rglum Tennessine Ogenesson PrasezO,mium so Ytterb ium so Lu Lutetium so Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Untitled picture.png ydroge 2.8 ithium 9.6 odium 2.8 tassiu ubidium eeslum 87 Francium Be Beryllium 12 Mg Magnesium 20 Ca Calcium 2.37 38 Sr Strontium 5.03 56 Barium 13.95 88 Radium sc Scandium 39 Yttrium 57-71 89-103 22 Titanium 7.6 40 Zr Zirconium 72 Hafnium 104 Vanadium 50.6 Niobium antalum 105 Db Cr Chromiu 64.3 42 Molybdenum 71.9 74 w Tungsten 25 Manganese Iron 15.7 Technetium Ruthenium 53 101.3 76 Re os Rhenium Osmium 14.5 107 108 30 hrium Hassium Pm Neodymium Promethium so so co Cobalt 63.7 45 Rhodium 109.7 Iridium 109 Mt Meitnerium Sm Samarium so 10 28 Nickel 112 46 Palladium 33.7 78 Platinum 205.3 110 Darmsädtium Europium so 11 cu Copper 118.4 47 Silver 125.6 Gold 222.8 111 Rcentgenium Gadolinium so 12 30 Zn Zinc 48 Cd Cadmium 80 Mercury 112 Cn Copemicium Terbium so 13 ron 6.7 luminium allium 8.9 ndium hallium Nihonium Dysprosium so 14 Carbon 153.9 14 Si Silicon 133.6 Germanium 119 50 Sn Tin 07.3 82 Lead 35.1 114 Flerovium Holmium so 15 Nitrogen Phosphorus 72 33 Arsenic 78 51 Sb Antimony 103.2 Bismuth 115 Moscovium Erbium so 16 Oxygen 141 16 Sulfur Se Selenium 195 Tellurium 1902 PO Polonium 183.3 116 Lv Livermorium Tm Thulium so 17 Fluorine 17 Chlorine 349 35 Bromine 324.6 53 Iodine 295.2 At As tatine 270.1 117 106 See 18 Helium 10 Neon 18 Argon 36 Krypton Xenon 86 Radon 118 Og Dubnium Ce nth-num Cerium so rglum Tennessine Ogenesson PrasezO,mium so Ytterb ium so Lu Lutetium so Atoms still prefer having a noble gas configuration of electrons (the "octet" rule). Values that are 0 means adding an electron to that atom is unfavorable to occur. Note this occurs for any atom that would have an electron added to a new shell or new subshell (group 2, 7, 12, 18). Gray elements, have no experimental data (87-118). There are also 2nd, 3rd, 4th electron affinities and so on but this data is more difficult to find Ionization energies and electron affinities plotted together Untitled picture.png He 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 B Mg Ne 10 Cl Ionization energy Br Se Cr cu Sr Cia Electron affinity N Xe Cd Sb Sn In Cd Xe Ba 60 50 He Be -500 Ar 20 Zn 30 Atomic number 40 Ionization energies are much greater in magnitude than electron affinities Source: Inorganic Chemistry (Miessler) pg. 44 Ink Drawings
Source: Inorganic Chemistry (Miessler) pg. 44 Understanding the Trends Shielding Effective nuclear charge: Untitled picture.emf Electrons outside have no effect on effective nuclear charge for electron of interest Ot interest Positively charged nucleus Electrons between electrcm of interest and nucleus cancek some Of the positive nuclear charge. Practice Predicting Trends Down a group: Untitled picture.png Element Atomic Radius Ionization Energy Sodium 1.66 495.8 kJ/m01 Potassium 2.03 418.8 kJ/m01 As we increase the number of shells the atomic radius increases because that electron is found further from the nucleus Because that electron is found further from the nucleus it is easier to remove therefore it has a smaller ionization energy. 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Because that electron is found further from the nucleus it is easier to remove therefore it has a smaller ionization energy. Across a period: Untitled picture.png Element Atomic Radius Ionization Energy Potassium 2.03 418.8 kJ/m01 Calcium 1.76 589.8 kJ/m01 As we go right across a period, the shielding effect weakens We are adding one new proton And the new electron being added is not in a new shell, so the effective nuclear charge is greater. This causes the atomic radius to decrease to the right Because the effective nuclear charge is greater, there is a greater attraction to the nucleus and it is more difficult to remove that electron. Atomic vs Ionic Radii Untitled picture.png Radius Protons Electrons Sodium atom, Na 1.54 11 11 Sodium ion, Na 0.97 11 10 Untitled picture.emf Group IA Group 2A Group 3A 133+ B 0.23 082 A13+ Al 0.51 1.18 Ga3• Ga 0.62 126 In3+ In 0.81 1.44 Group 6A Group 7A 0.68 Li 1.34 Be2+ 0.31 Mg2• Be 0.90 o 0.73 02 ¯ 1.40 0.71 1.33 0.97 1.54 1.33 1.96 Rb 2.11 1.47 Mg 0.66 1.30 0.99 1.74 Sr2+ Sr 1.13 1.92 1.02 184 Se se2- 1.16 1.98 1.35 2.21 1.81 1.14 1.96 1.33 2.20 Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Untitled picture.png Radius Protons Electrons Sodium atom, Na 1.54 11 11 Sodium ion, Na 0.97 11 10 As we remove electrons, the effective nuclear charge increases. The remaining electrons are drawn in closer to the nucleus. This causes the radius to decrease (substantially) As you remove even more electrons the size of the radius gets smaller and smaller Untitled picture.png Radius Protons Electrons Chlorine atom, Cl 0.99 17 17 Chloride ion, Cl- 1.81 17 18 As we add electrons, the effective nuclear charge decreases The electrons are now too many and they are now repelling each other. This causes the anions to become much greater in radius than the neutral atom Untitled picture.emf Group IA Group 2A Group 3A 133+ B 0.23 082 A13+ Al 0.51 1.18 Ga3• Ga 0.62 126 In3+ In 0.81 1.44 Group 6A Group 7A 0.68 Li 1.34 Be2+ 0.31 Mg2• Be 0.90 o 0.73 02 ¯ 1.40 0.71 1.33 0.97 1.54 1.33 1.96 Rb 2.11 1.47 Mg 0.66 1.30 0.99 1.74 Sr2+ Sr 1.13 1.92 1.02 184 Se se2- 1.16 1.98 1.35 2.21 1.81 1.14 1.96 1.33 2.20 Practice Predicting Trends Untitled picture.emf 02 F Ne Na Mg2 Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Untitled picture.emf 02 F Ne Na Mg2 Untitled picture.png Radius Protons Electrons Oxide ion 02 8 10 Fluoride ion F— 1.33 Å 9 10 Sodium ion 0.97 Å 11 10 Magnesium ion Mg2+ 0.66 Å 12 10 If we keep the number of electrons the same and increase the number of protons then the size of the atom dramatically decreases because the remaining electrons are pulled in more toward the nucleus. Successive Ionization Energies Untitled picture.png Ell.st.IQmzatiQLEnengy IEI forA1 580 kJ/m01 Al + IEI Al + + Second Ioni7ationEnergy Third Ionization Energy Fourth Ionization Energy forA1 1,815 kJ/m01 IE3 IE4forA1 11,600kJ/m01 Al + + IE2 AP + + AP + IE3 —9 AP + + A/3++lE4 —*A14 + Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Untitled picture.png Ell.st.IQmzatiQLEnengy IEI forA1 580 kJ/m01 Al + IEI Al + + Second Ioni7ationEnergy Third Ionization Energy Fourth Ionization Energy forA1 1,815 kJ/m01 IE3 IE4forA1 11,600kJ/m01 Al + + IE2 AP + + AP + IE3 —9 AP + + A/3++lE4 —*A14 + Look at the data and see when the largest jump occurs. Whenever you remove an electron it gets pulled in closer to the nucleus. Using successive IE’s we can predict the favored and most stable ion On a half sheet of paper answer these questions 1. Untitled picture.png Consider the ions, F- and Na*. one has a larger radius? Explain fully. F- has a larger radius, because it is isoelectronic with Na+ and has fewer protons. The effective nuclear charge is smaller so those electrons are found further from the nucleus. 2. Untitled picture.png Consider the neutral atoms, F and Na. Which has a larger atomic radius? Explain fully. These are not isoelectronic atoms, and the radius of sodium is much larger. This is because its outer most electrons are found in a higher shell number which means they are farther from the nucleus 3. Untitled picture.png Consider the six successive ionizations energies (in kJ mol) of mystery element, X. IEI 786 IE2 1,580 IE3 3,230 IE4 4,360 IE5 16,000 IE6 20,000 W'hy is each value larger than the previous value? Each value gets progressively larger, because each of these energies represents the successive removal of an electron. Each electron that gets removed, decreases the shielding effect on the remaining electrons. Resultingly they are pulled in closer to the nucleus and in order to take the next one off requires more and more energy. Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Each value gets progressively larger, because each of these energies represents the successive removal of an electron. Each electron that gets removed, decreases the shielding effect on the remaining electrons. Resultingly they are pulled in closer to the nucleus and in order to take the next one off requires more and more energy. 4. Untitled picture.png • How many electrons were in the outer shell of this atom? Explain. At some point there is a large jump in energy when you remove an electron. This is when you've pulled off all of the electrons in a shell, resulting in a noble gas configuration which is an unusually stable state of an ion. To remove the next electron is much more difficult because it would lose this stable configuration. For this mystery element, that jump occurs at ionization energy 5. Trying to take off the fifth electron is thus too difficult. We can then infer that the most probable ion would have a +4 charge; meaning there are 4 electrons in the outer shell of the atom.

 

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