Lecture 10 - Ionic Compounds and Radii

Tuesday, February 13, 2024

1:30 PM

"The most important electrostatic bond is the ionic bond, resulting from the Coulomb attraction of the excess electric charges of oppositely charged ions. The atoms of metallic elements lose their outer electrons easily, whereas those of nonmetallic elements tend to add additional electrons; in this way stable cations and anions may be formed, which may essentially retain their electronic structures as they approach one another to form a stable molecule or crystal." Linus Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, pg 6. Class notes can now be found here: https://bricejurban.github.io/CHEM111/ Assignments due this week: ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28699/assignments/990975"HW 5 - Quantum Part 2 (Aktiv Chemistry) (Fri 2/16) New Activity: ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28699/assignments/993257"Emerging Tech in Chemistry Reading quiz TBD Reading for today's lecture 5.12, 6.1-6.6 Reading for next lecture 6.7, 7.1-7.4 Office Hours: Friday 11-1 CIC ﷟HYPERLINK "https://calendly.com/bricejurban/office-hours"By appointment Today's Schedule: Tuesday (2/13) Atomic and Ionic Radii Ionic Bonding Nomenclature of Metals with Variable Charge Ions e– Configurations of Transition Metals Ions Looking Ahead Thursday (2/15) Coulomb's Law Covalent Bonding Electronegativity Lewis Structures Part I Formal Charge Ionic Compounds are made of electrostatic (coulombic) attractions Ionic bonds form between metals and nonmetals Metals have low ionization energies therefore it is easy to remove electron(s) to form a positively charged cation Nonmetals have high electron affinities therefore they readily gain electron(s) to form a negatively charged anion In an ionic bond e-'s are transferred from the metal to the nonmetal. No line is drawn First Ionization energy equation: X ⟶ X+ + e– Second Ionization energy equation: X+ ⟶ X2+ + e– First Electron affinity equation: X + e– ⟶ X– Second Electron affinity equation: X– + e– ⟶ X2– Elements Cation Anion Compound Electron Transfer ⟶ Ionic Bond Mg O Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Ca Cl Al S The common ionic charges of Transition metal ions are determined by the 18-electron rule When an ion cannot lose or gain electrons to get a full outer electron configuration a relatively stable configuration called the 18-outer electron configuration can be gained instead. Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
When an ion cannot lose or gain electrons to get a full outer electron configuration a relatively stable configuration called the 18-outer electron configuration can be gained instead. Examples: Silver and Thallium The chemical formula for an Ionic Compound is the simplest electrically neutral set of ions The total positive charge from the metal cations = the total negative charge from the anions These ions are arranged in a highly ordered, three-dimensional lattice structure Due to this arrangement, ionic compounds form crystalline solids These have very high melting points! It takes a lot of energy to break these compounds. Ionic compounds are often referred to as salts for their similarities to sodium chloride (Table salt) Common "salts" include potassium nitrate (KNO₃), magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄), & calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) Untitled picture.png Untitled picture.png Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings The first electron lost is from 5s not 4d! Thallium loses these 3 electrons to form Tl3+ which is an 18-electron configuration
Untitled picture.png ﷟HYPERLINK "https://ptable.com/#Properties/Radius/Calculated"Atomic Radius The size of the atom from the nucleus to the outermost (valence) electron Untitled picture.emf 8 (G (ğ fiğ Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Increases down a group b/c of an increase in shell number Decreases across a period because electron shielding is not as effective in the same shell Ink Drawings
The effective nuclear charge (Zeff) is only +1 for the Valence electron of potassium The shielding by the other 18 electrons Negates most of the nuclear charge! When an electron is more attracted to the nucleus, the atomic radius is smaller Atomic vs Ionic Radii Sodium atom Na Sodium ion Na+ Radius 1.54 A 0.97 A Protons 11 11 Electrons 11 10 We've stripped our outer valence electron for sodium, and now the ion is much smaller compared to the neutral atom. The nuclear charge is greater than the sum of the electron charges so the remaining electrons get pulled in more to the nucleus. Cations are smaller Untitled picture.emf Group IA Group 2A Group 3A 133+ B 0.23 082 A13+ Al 0.51 1.18 Ga3• Ga 0.62 126 In3+ In 0.81 1.44 Group 6A Group 7A 0.68 Li 1.34 Be2+ 0.31 Mg2• Be 0.90 o 0.73 02 ¯ 1.40 0.71 1.33 0.97 1.54 1.33 1.96 Rb 2.11 1.47 Mg 0.66 1.30 0.99 1.74 Sr2+ Sr 1.13 1.92 1.02 184 Se se2- 1.16 1.98 1.35 2.21 1.81 1.14 1.96 1.33 2.20 Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings However the effective nuclear charge for calcium is +2 as the other valence electron doesn't help shield it. Therefore the valence electrons are pulled in more resulting in the radius decreasing Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Chlorine atom Cl Chloride ion Cl– Radius 0.99 A 1.81 A Protons 17 17 Electrons 17 18 We have an excess of electrons. Now these electrons aren't going to feel the charge of the nucleus as much. This results in the radius getting much larger. There are more electrons, resulting in more electron-electron repulsion this makes the radius get larger as well. Anions are larger Untitled picture.emf Group IA Group 2A Group 3A 133+ B 0.23 082 A13+ Al 0.51 1.18 Ga3• Ga 0.62 126 In3+ In 0.81 1.44 Group 6A Group 7A 0.68 Li 1.34 Be2+ 0.31 Mg2• Be 0.90 o 0.73 02 ¯ 1.40 0.71 1.33 0.97 1.54 1.33 1.96 Rb 2.11 1.47 Mg 0.66 1.30 0.99 1.74 Sr2+ Sr 1.13 1.92 1.02 184 Se se2- 1.16 1.98 1.35 2.21 1.81 1.14 1.96 1.33 2.20 ﷟HYPERLINK "https://www.geo.arizona.edu/xtal/geos596a/ACA32_751.pdf"a12967.pdf (arizona.edu) Practice Predicting Trends for Isoelectronic Species Oxide ion O2– Fluoride ion F– Neon Ne Sodium ion Na+ Magnesium ion Mg2+ Covalent Radius (Å) 1.40 1.33 0.67 0.97 0.66 Protons 8 9 10 11 12 Electrons 10 10 10 10 10 Naming Ionic Compounds Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
There is a system to naming compounds known as nomenclature Ionic compounds are named based on the composition and charge of the ions involved Step 1: Name the cation (positive ion) For elements: simply use the element's name. For Transition metals: indicate the ion's charge with Roman numerals in parentheses if it is variable. Step 2: Name the anion (negative ion) For single element ions: Take the element's root name and add the suffix "-ide". For polyatomic ions: Use the ion's common name. Step 3: Combining the cation and anion Write the name of the cation first, followed by the name of the anion. Do not specify the number of ions in the name as the formula should already be the simplest ratio that results in a neutral compound Examples: Chemical Formula Cation Anion Name CaO CaCl2 CuCl Extra practice NaCl MgBr₂ Al₂O₃ FeCl₃ CaCO₃ K₂SO₄ Cu(NO₃)₂ Zn(OH)₂ Ag₂S NH₄Cl Even more practice Ba(OH)₂ Na₂S CaF₂ KNO₃ MnO₂ Li₃PO₄ CoCl₂ NiSO₄ Sr(NO₃)₂ Al(C₂H₃O₂)₃ Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
FeCO3 Untitled picture.png Metals with one common ionic charge Group 1 metals: Group 2 metals: all +1; e.g., Na+ all +2; e.g., Mg2+ Ni2* Metals with two common ionic charges Au+ and Au3+ Cu+ and Cu2+ and Hg2+ Pb2+ and Sn2+ and Sn4+ c02 + and C03+ Fe2+ and Fe3+ Tl+ and T13+ Sb3+ and Sb3+ Ti3+ and Ti4+ Metals with three common ionic charges C++ Cr*+ Cr6+ Mn2+ Mn4+ Mn7+ Untitled picture.png Metal copper gold Iron lead mercury tm Ionic charge +1 +2 +1 +3 +2 +3 +2 +4 +1 +2 +2 +4 Symbols Fe2+ Modern systematic (IUPAC) names copper(l) copper(ll) gold (I) gold(lll) iron (Il) iron (Ill) lead (11) lead (IV) mercury(l)* mercury (Il) tin (11) tin (IV) Old names cuprous cupric aurous aunc plumb ous plumbic mercurous mercuric stannous stannic Writing the Formula of Ionic Compounds Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Writing the Formula of Ionic Compounds Writing the formula for ionic compounds requires understanding the charges of the ions involved and how they should combine to be neutral. Use the ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28699/modules/items/2876744"periodic chart of the ions handout to help you learn the charges. Transition metals are often variable. The ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28699/modules/items/2985506"method of charge crossing is the easiest approach. Step 1: Identify the ions Cations (positive ions): Usually the metal or the polyatomic ammonium ion (NH4+). The name of the cation is the element unless it’s a transition metal that can have more than one charge, then its name is specified with Roman numerals. Anions (negative ions): They can be nonmetals which end in "-ide" or polyatomic ions (like sulfate, nitrite, acetate) Step 2: Determine the charges Use the ion table to determine the charge of each ion. Many of these should be committed to memory. For example, the group 1 elements form +1, group 2 elements form +2, and aluminum forms +3. Commonly used polyatomics like phosphate and nitrate are very common and knowing their charges and formulas (-3 and -1 respectively) are helpful. Step 3: Balance the charges The total positive charge must balance the total negative charge. Simplest approach: Cross superscripts to subscripts, then divide through by any common factor. Step 4: Write the formula Write the symbol of the cation first, followed by the symbol of the anion. If more than one of a particular ion is needed to balance the charge, use a subscript to indicate the number of ions. Do not use a subscript for a single ion. For polyatomic ions that need a subscript, place the polyatomic ion in parentheses before adding the subscript. Examples: Name Cation Anion Chemical Formula sodium oxide Extra Practice Potassium chloride Magnesium oxide Even more practice Sodium bicarbonate Potassium permanganate Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
sodium oxide aluminum acetate calcium phosphate iron(II) oxide Magnesium oxide Calcium sulfate Aluminum nitrate Sodium phosphate Ammonium chloride Iron(III) bromide Copper(II) carbonate Barium hydroxide Lithium sulfide Potassium permanganate Zinc sulfate Lead(II) nitrate Cesium chloride Silver iodide Nickel(II) phosphate Calcium hydroxide Ammonium sulfate Strontium chromate e– Configurations of Transition Metals Ions The filling order of transition metal ions follows a regular pattern: 1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 3d < 4s < 4d < 4f < . . . The removal of a valence electron changes the energy levels of these subshells so that they differ from their neutral atom This is the reason why nearly all transition metals lose their first valence electron from the s orbital, not the d orbital What is the ground state electron configurations of the Cr(II), Cr(III), and Cr(VI) ions? Diamagnetism vs Paramagnetism Diamagnetic and paramagnetic materials are distinguished by their responses to magnetic fields, which can be related to the electronic configuration of atoms or ions, particularly in transition metal ions. Diamagnetic materials are characterized by the absence of unpaired electrons in their electron shells. When placed in a magnetic field, diamagnetic materials induce a magnetic moment that is weak and in the opposite direction to the applied field. For example, Zn2+ has a completely filled d subshell 3d10 with all electrons paired, making it diamagnetic. Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Paramagnetic materials, on the other hand, have one or more unpaired electrons. These unpaired electrons have intrinsic magnetic moments due to their spin, and when an external magnetic field is applied, these moments tend to align with the field, making the material magnetically attractive. For instance, Fe3+ has five unpaired electrons 3d5, making it strongly paramagnetic. Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings

 

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