Lecture 15 - Chemical Reactions I, Nomenclature III

Tuesday, March 5, 2024

1:30 PM

"In organic chemistry, there is no shortage of reactions, but rather a continual expansion as we understand more about the molecular fabric of our world. Each reaction is a unique dialogue between molecules, governed by their structure, reactivity, and the conditions under which they meet." ﷟HYPERLINK "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1965/woodward/biographical/"Robert Burns Woodward Week 9 Overview: https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28699/discussion_topics/679546 Class notes for Lectures 1-14: https://bricejurban.github.io/CHEM111/ Assignments this week: ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28699/assignments/1005559"Reading Quiz 6 (Chapter 10) ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28699/assignments/1005488"HW 8 - VSEPR and Valence Bond Theory ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28699/assignments/1005807"HW 9 - Nomeclature III, Chemical Reactions Extra Credit Assignment: ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28699/assignments/1003293"Extra Credit: Molecular Orbital Theory (Chapter 9.1-9.4) Midterm 2: Grades are already entered on canvas and will be published on Gradescope after class. I will put the answer key outside SCNC 336. If you notice any errors in grading, please make a regrade request through Gradescope. Statistics (as %)* Average: 72 Median: 74 St. Dev: 18 High: 105 *The exam is out of 94 points, because question 11 was thrown out. Office Hours: Friday 11-1 CIC ﷟HYPERLINK "https://calendly.com/bricejurban/office-hours"By appointment Reminder: Turn in ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28699/modules/items/3003193"Lecture 13 VSEPR Questions today or to Gradescope ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28699/assignments/993257"Emerging Tech in Chemistry - is past due, please submit your presentation and comment on two others posts ASAP Turn in ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28699/files/14539142?wrap=1"Lecture 14 VBT Questions today or to Gradescope Chemistry Cat no Rxn.jpg Α SCIENCE ΙΟΚΕ (CHl)] 3 42.ΒΙΙΤ ΙΤ ΡΑΟΒλΒΙΥ ΝΟ REACTION Chemistry isn't hard Learn the Rules.jpg Chemistry:isn't iPard Oust@llaw thistdne rüle)• the rylés i16arn all the ' to e rules Today's Schedule: Tuesday (3/5) Nomenclature III Compounds with polyatomics Acids Hydrates Chemical Reactions I Combination (Synthesis) Rxns Decomposition Rxns Single and Double-Replacement Combustion Solubility Dissolution Rxns Looking Ahead Thursday (3/7) Chemical Reactions II Substitution Rxns Relative Activity of metals Relative Activity of halogens Neutralization Rxns Oxidation-Reduction Rxns Oxidation Numbers (if time) Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield
Chemistry Cat no Rxn.jpg Α SCIENCE ΙΟΚΕ (CHl)] 3 42.ΒΙΙΤ ΙΤ ΡΑΟΒλΒΙΥ ΝΟ REACTION Chemistry isn't hard Learn the Rules.jpg Chemistry:isn't iPard Oust@llaw thistdne rüle)• the rylés i16arn all the ' to e rules Characteristic patterns of the main reaction types Synthesis, Decomposition, Single Replacement, Double Replacement, and Combustion ChemicalReactionTypes.png Machine generated alternative text: Types of Chemical Reactions 1. Combination or Synthesis Reaction 2. Decomposition Reaction 3. Single-replacement Reaction 4. Double-replacement Reaction 5. Combustion Reaction 0+0 Example 1: Synthesis Mg(s) + O2(g) ⟶ MgO(s) Fphoto-30549111C-2RM.jpg ΛΠ-ΝΤΑ& Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Mg(s) + O2(g) ⟶ MgO(s) ` Fphoto-30549111C-2RM.jpg ΛΠ-ΝΤΑ& Burning of magnesium ribbon Example 2: Decomposition water ⟶ hydrogen + oxygen A5000247-Electrolysis_of_water.jpg EVEREADY Super Heavy puty Electrolysis of water Example 3: Decomposition (dehydration of a hydrate) Epsom salt (magnesium sulfate heptahydrate) ⟶ Untitled picture.png Example 4: Single Replacement (of a metal) Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Example 4: Single Replacement (of a metal) When zinc is placed in a solution of copper(II) sulfate it yields copper and aqueous zinc sulfate Untitled picture.png Zn(s) CuS04(aq) Cu(sj: Displacement of copper by the more active metal zinc Example 5: Single Replacement (of a halogen) Chlorine + Sodium bromide ⟶ Chlorine + Sodium iodide ⟶ Untitled picture.png ﷟HYPERLINK "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QHbaZFSU4_Q&t=795s""All in the Family" Properties of Halogens Example 6: Double Replacement (Precipitation) one product is an insoluble salt, or precipitate potassium iodide (aq) + lead(II) chloride (aq) ⟶ lead(II) iodide + potassium chloride HYpkxLiFRnGevYjXUNIA_Fphoto-29919106A-2RM.jpg / 150 Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
potassium iodide (aq) + lead(II) chloride (aq) ⟶ lead(II) iodide + potassium chloride HYpkxLiFRnGevYjXUNIA_Fphoto-29919106A-2RM.jpg / 150 Titration of lead with potassium iodide Example 7: Double Replacement (Neutralization) ACID + BASE ⟶ SALT+ H2O perchloric acid (aq) + calcium hydroxide (aq) ⟶ Calcium perchlorate + water C0430045-Acid-base_titration,_3_of_7.jpg Titration with phenolphthalein pH Indicator Example 8: Double Replacement (Formation of a gas) one product is a substance that forms a gas in aqueous solution. Here are some common gases that form: H2S (g) H2SO3 (aq) ⟶ SO2 (g) + H2O (l) H2CO3 (aq)⟶ CO2 (g) + H2O (l) NH4OH (aq)⟶ NH3 (g) + H2O (l) limestone + hydrochloric acid ⟶ _______________________ 201111-22.jpg Field test for limestone Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Field test for limestone Example 9: Combustion (First balance carbon, then hydrogen, last oxygen) ethanol (l) + oxygen (g) ⟶ carbon dioxide (g) + water (g) lamp.jpg Ethanol being used as a lamp Nomenclature III Untitled picture.png Acids An acid is made of the H* ion and an anion (negative ion). In an aqueous solutm acids dissociate/ionize into ions. To name an acid: o If the anion ends in "—ide", then name the acid acid. " o If the anion ends in "mate", then name the acid acid. " If the anion ends in "mite", then name the acid acid." Hydrates Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Some salts can combine with water to form new compounds that incorporate water molecules into their molecular structure in specific whole-number ratios. Such water-containing compounds are called hydrates. Example: copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate Ionic compounds with Polyatomic ions Polyatomic ions are ions composed of two or more atoms covalently bonded together, that function as a single charged entity. Unlike monatomic ions, which consist of a single atom, polyatomic ions have a specific arrangement of atoms, often including oxygen, along with one or more other elements. These ions can have either a positive or negative charge, although negative polyatomic ions are more common. The name of the polyatomic refers to the specific molecular formula and charge. Many sound similar learn the patterns Hydrogen can also be present and they can be named as hydrogen or bi- ions. The charge of the ions influences how they interact with ionic compounds They also play crucial roles in biological processes. This is a simplified list of the most common polyatomic ions. Untitled picture.png acetate ammonium benzoate borate carbonate Table of Polyatomic Ions NH4+ C6H5C02- hydrogen carbonate HC03- perchlorate chlorate chlorite hypochlorite chromate CIO, C103 C102- CIO crof- dichromate cyanide hydroxide iodate nitrate nitrite oxalate permanganate phosphate Cr207 CN OH 103- N03- N02- C2042 MnO/ pot dihydrogen phosphate silicate sulphate sulphite hydrogen sulphide hydrogen sulphate hydrogen sulphite thiocyanate thiosulphate H2P04- Si03 sof- S03 HS04- HS03- SCN S2032- hydrogen phosphate HP042- CaCO₃ K₂SO₄ Cu(NO₃)₂ Zn(OH)₂ NH₄Cl Ba(OH)₂ KNO₃ Li₃PO₄ Calcium sulfate Aluminum nitrate Sodium phosphate Ammonium chloride Copper(II) carbonate Barium hydroxide Sodium bicarbonate Potassium permanganate Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Li₃PO₄ NiSO₄ Sr(NO₃)₂ Al(C₂H₃O₂)₃ Potassium permanganate Lead(II) nitrate Nickel(II) phosphate Calcium hydroxide Ammonium sulfate Strontium chromate Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Solubility (Cover on Thursday) Solute Solvent.png NaC1 HO Solute Solvent NaCl (solute) + H2O (solvent) Solute: What's being dissolved (usually the smaller part) Solvent: What the solute is dissolved in (usually the larger part) Untitled picture.png 들;이이 이 후 2월) Dissolution equation: NaCl (s) ⟶ Na+(aq) + Cl–(aq) Dissolution: The process of dissolving a salt in water. Solvation shells surround each ion which is what we indicate when we write aqueous (aq). Note the negative end of the molecular dipole of water faces the positive charges and the positive end faces the negative charges. Untitled picture.png Molecular equation: NaCl(s) + H2O(l) ⟶ NaCl(aq) Solution: A solute dissolved in a solution Saturated solution: The maximum amount of solute that the given solvent can hold at a particular temperature Unsaturated solution: A solution with less than the amount of solute needed for saturation Supersaturated solution: A carefully prepared solution that contains more solute than a solvent can normaly hold. Prepared by carefully cooling a saturated solution Embedded file printout Solubility rules Half_1.png Solubility: The ability of a substance, the solute, to form a solution with a solvent (e.g. water) General Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds, applied in the order given: l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Most alkali metal salts and ammonium salts are soluble. Most nitrates, acetates, and perchlorates are soluble. Most silver, lead, and mercury(l) salts are insoluble. Most chlorides, bromides, and iodides are soluble. Most carbonates, chromates, sulfides, oxides, phosphates, and hydroxides are insoluble; except for hydroxides of Ba2+, Ca2+, and Sr2+ which are slightly soluble Most sulfates are soluble; except for calcium sulfate and barium sulfate which are insoluble. Solubility Rules for Salts Always soluble: • alkali ions, NH', N03-, C103-, C104-, C2H302-, HC03- Generally soluble: 2 Soluble except with Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+ Soluble except with Pb2+ Ca2+ Ba2+ Soluble except with Pb2+, Ca2+, Ba2+ Sr2+, Mg2 s 12+ Generally insoluble: 02 , OH- Insoluble except with Ca2+ Ba2+ Sr2+ alkali ions, NH4 coe- P043-, S2- S032-, Cr042-, C2042 Insoluble except with alkali ions and NH4+ Strong Acids HCI, HBr, HI, HN03, H2S04, HC103, HC104, H104 Gases that Form H2S (g) H2C03 (aq) C02 (g) + (C) H2S03 (aq) sch (g) + H20 (C) NH40H (aq) NH3 (g) + H20 (0 Strong Bases Li0H, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH TIOH, Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Embedded file printout Solubility rules Half_1.png Solubility: The ability of a substance, the solute, to form a solution with a solvent (e.g. water) General Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds, applied in the order given: l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Most alkali metal salts and ammonium salts are soluble. Most nitrates, acetates, and perchlorates are soluble. Most silver, lead, and mercury(l) salts are insoluble. Most chlorides, bromides, and iodides are soluble. Most carbonates, chromates, sulfides, oxides, phosphates, and hydroxides are insoluble; except for hydroxides of Ba2+, Ca2+, and Sr2+ which are slightly soluble Most sulfates are soluble; except for calcium sulfate and barium sulfate which are insoluble. Solubility Rules for Salts Always soluble: • alkali ions, NH', N03-, C103-, C104-, C2H302-, HC03- Generally soluble: 2 Soluble except with Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+ Soluble except with Pb2+ Ca2+ Ba2+ Soluble except with Pb2+, Ca2+, Ba2+ Sr2+, Mg2 s 12+ Generally insoluble: 02 , OH- Insoluble except with Ca2+ Ba2+ Sr2+ alkali ions, NH4 coe- P043-, S2- S032-, Cr042-, C2042 Insoluble except with alkali ions and NH4+ Strong Acids HCI, HBr, HI, HN03, H2S04, HC103, HC104, H104 Gases that Form H2S (g) H2C03 (aq) C02 (g) + (C) H2S03 (aq) sch (g) + H20 (C) NH40H (aq) NH3 (g) + H20 (0 Strong Bases Li0H, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH TIOH, Untitled picture.png Untitled picture.png Untitled picture.png Untitled picture.png
Untitled picture.png Insoluble salt AgCl (s) ⇄ Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq) Untitled picture.png Polar covalent substance CH3CH2OH(l) ⟶CH3CH2OH(aq) Polar solute & Polar solvent Miscible (easy mixed) Untitled picture.png Polar covalent substance C12H22O11(s) ⟶ C12H22O11(aq) Polar solute & Polar solvent Miscible Untitled picture.png nonpolar covalent substance C₁₆H₃₂O₂(s) ⟶ NR Nonpolar solute & Polar solvent Immiscible (two layers) Untitled picture.png Strong Acid HCl(aq) ⟶ H+(aq) + Cl–(aq) Strong acids are strong electrolytes Untitled picture.png Weak Acid HF(aq) ⇄ H+(aq)+ F–(aq) Weak acids are weak electrolytes

 

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