Lecture 16 - Chemical Reactions II

Thursday, March 7, 2024

1:30 PM

"Life was born in water and is carrying on in water. Water is life's mater and matrix, mother and medium. There is no life without water." Albert Szent-Györgyi, Biology and the Pathology of Water Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 1971 Untitled picture.png Week 9 Overview: https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28699/discussion_topics/679546 Class notes for Lectures 1-15: https://bricejurban.github.io/CHEM111/ Assignments this week: ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28699/assignments/1005559"Reading Quiz 6 (Chapter 10) ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28699/assignments/1005488"HW 8 - VSEPR and Valence Bond Theory ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28699/assignments/1005807"HW 9 - Nomeclature III, Chemical Reactions Extra Credit Assignment: ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28699/assignments/1003293"Extra Credit: Molecular Orbital Theory (Chapter 9.1-9.4) Midterm 2 is published on Gradescope and the answer key is outside SCNC 336. If you notice any errors in grading, please make a regrade request through Gradescope. Office Hours: Friday 11-1 CIC ﷟HYPERLINK "https://calendly.com/bricejurban/office-hours"By appointment Reminder: ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28699/assignments/993257"Emerging Tech in Chemistry - is past due, please submit your presentation and comment on two others posts ASAP Turn in ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28699/modules/items/3003193"Lecture 13 VSEPR Questions today or to Gradescope Turn in ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28699/files/14539142?wrap=1"Lecture 14 VBT Questions today or to Gradescope Turn in ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28699/modules/items/3022898"Lecture 15 Chemical Rxns 1 today or to Gradescope Today's Schedule: Thursday (3/7) Chemical Reactions II Solubility Relative Activity Oxidation-Reduction Rxns Oxidation Numbers Looking Ahead Tuesday (3/12) Combustion Analysis Limiting Reactants Percent Yield Thursday (3/14) Molarity Calculations in Solution Titrations Tuesday (3/26) Midterm 3 Water Water has many unusual physical and chemical properties The shape of the water molecule is peculiar with two hydrogen atoms with their positive formal charges one side and two lone pairs of electrons and their negative charge on the other, water takes on a strong dipole character which attracts ions. This leads to water surrounding ions as spheres of hydration (both primary and secondary spheres). For its size, you'd expect the boiling point to be -100 °C, but it is 100 °C Similarly, you'd expect its freezing point to be -120 °C, but it is 0 °C Untitled picture.png Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Similarly, you'd expect its freezing point to be -120 °C, but it is 0 °C Water has a high cohesion, allowing trees to pump water from the soil to a height of 50 meters or more. Water forms hydrogen bonds, acting as both H bond donors and H bond acceptors, thus forming hydrogen bonds with one another. In ice, all water molecules are bonded to another. Liquid water is more dense than solid water (ice). This is different than almost every other substance and is the result of less hydrogen bonds in liquid water (~3 per H2O vs 4 per H2O in ice) Water is the universal solvent for life. ~70% of our body is water by mass. This varies from cell type with bones and fat cells having the least, but still ~30% Untitled picture.png Solubility Solute Solvent.png NaC1 HO Solute Solvent NaCl (solute) + H2O (solvent) Solute: What's being dissolved (usually the smaller part) Solvent: What the solute is dissolved in (usually the larger part) Untitled picture.png 들;이이 이 후 2월) Dissolution equation: NaCl (s) ⟶ Na+(aq) + Cl–(aq) Dissolution: The process of dissolving a salt in water. Solvation shells surround each ion which is what we indicate when we write aqueous (aq). Note the negative end of the molecular dipole of water faces the positive charges and the positive end faces the negative charges. Untitled picture.png Molecular equation: NaCl(s) + H2O(l) ⟶ NaCl(aq) Solution: A solute dissolved in a solvent Saturated solution: The maximum amount of solute that the given solvent can hold at a particular temperature Unsaturated solution: A solution with less than the amount of solute needed for saturation Supersaturated solution: A carefully prepared solution that contains more solute than a solvent can normally hold. Prepared by carefully cooling a saturated solution Most solids increase solubility in a liquid with increasing temperature Most gases decrease solubility in a liquid with increasing temperature Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Most solids increase solubility in a liquid with increasing temperature Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: 100 80 70 40 NCI 30 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Temperature (oc) Solubility of liquids and solids is not greatly affected by pressure Most gases decrease solubility in a liquid with increasing temperature Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: CH4 2.0 co 1.0 He 10 Temperature CC) Solubility of gases is greatly affected by pressure Untitled picture.png before Untitled picture.png after Dissolution Equation Examples:
Dissolution Equation Examples: KCl(s) ⟶ CaCl2(s) ⟶ K3PO4(s) ⟶ Fe(NO3)3(s) ⟶ Some salts have low solubility and reach saturation very quickly Examples are shown to the right. How can we predict this? Untitled picture.png Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: Pbcro, Solubility Rules Embedded file printout Solubility rules Half_1.png Solubility: The ability of a substance, the solute, to form a solution with a solvent (e.g. water) General Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds, applied in the order given: l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Most alkali metal salts and ammonium salts are soluble. Most nitrates, acetates, and perchlorates are soluble. Most silver, lead, and mercury(l) salts are insoluble. Most chlorides, bromides, and iodides are soluble. Most carbonates, chromates, sulfides, oxides, phosphates, and hydroxides are insoluble; except for hydroxides of Ba2+, Ca2+, and Sr2+ which are slightly soluble Most sulfates are soluble; except for calcium sulfate and barium sulfate which are insoluble. Solubility Rules for Salts Always soluble: • alkali ions, NH', N03-, C103-, C104-, C2H302-, HC03- Generally soluble: 2 Soluble except with Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+ Soluble except with Pb2+ Ca2+ Ba2+ Soluble except with Pb2+, Ca2+, Ba2+ Sr2+, Mg2 s 12+ Generally insoluble: 02 , OH- Insoluble except with Ca2+ Ba2+ Sr2+ alkali ions, NH4 coe- P043-, S2- S032-, Cr042-, C2042 Insoluble except with alkali ions and NH4+ Strong Acids HCI, HBr, HI, HN03, H2S04, HC103, HC104, H104 Gases that Form H2S (g) H2C03 (aq) C02 (g) + (C) H2S03 (aq) sch (g) + H20 (C) NH40H (aq) NH3 (g) + H20 (0 Strong Bases Li0H, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH TIOH, Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Embedded file printout Solubility rules Half_1.png Solubility: The ability of a substance, the solute, to form a solution with a solvent (e.g. water) General Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds, applied in the order given: l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Most alkali metal salts and ammonium salts are soluble. Most nitrates, acetates, and perchlorates are soluble. Most silver, lead, and mercury(l) salts are insoluble. Most chlorides, bromides, and iodides are soluble. Most carbonates, chromates, sulfides, oxides, phosphates, and hydroxides are insoluble; except for hydroxides of Ba2+, Ca2+, and Sr2+ which are slightly soluble Most sulfates are soluble; except for calcium sulfate and barium sulfate which are insoluble. Solubility Rules for Salts Always soluble: • alkali ions, NH', N03-, C103-, C104-, C2H302-, HC03- Generally soluble: 2 Soluble except with Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+ Soluble except with Pb2+ Ca2+ Ba2+ Soluble except with Pb2+, Ca2+, Ba2+ Sr2+, Mg2 s 12+ Generally insoluble: 02 , OH- Insoluble except with Ca2+ Ba2+ Sr2+ alkali ions, NH4 coe- P043-, S2- S032-, Cr042-, C2042 Insoluble except with alkali ions and NH4+ Strong Acids HCI, HBr, HI, HN03, H2S04, HC103, HC104, H104 Gases that Form H2S (g) H2C03 (aq) C02 (g) + (C) H2S03 (aq) sch (g) + H20 (C) NH40H (aq) NH3 (g) + H20 (0 Strong Bases Li0H, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH TIOH, Untitled picture.png Insoluble salt AgCl (s) ⇄ Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq) Untitled picture.png Polar covalent substance CH3CH2OH(l) ⟶CH3CH2OH(aq) Polar solute & Polar solvent Miscible (easy mixed) Untitled picture.png Polar covalent substance C12H22O11(s) ⟶ C12H22O11(aq) Polar solute & Polar solvent Miscible Untitled picture.png nonpolar covalent substance C₁₆H₃₂O₂(s) ⟶ NR Nonpolar solute & Polar solvent Immiscible (two layers) Untitled picture.png Untitled picture.png Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Untitled picture.png Strong Acid HCl(aq) ⟶ H+(aq) + Cl–(aq) Strong acids are strong electrolytes Untitled picture.png Weak Acid HF(aq) ⇄ H+(aq)+ F–(aq) Weak acids are weak electrolytes Complete ionic, and net ionic equations KCl(aq) + Na2S(aq) ⟶ AgNO3(aq) + K2S(aq) ⟶ Pb(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) ⟶ Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings 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Relative Activity When we are predicting whether a single-replacement reaction will occur or not we need to consider the relative activities of the metals (or halogens). Consider these four reactions: Zn(s) + HgCl2(aq) → Zn(s) + Ca(ClO4)2(aq) → Br2(l) + CaI2(aq) → Br2(l) + CaCl2(aq) → Untitled picture.png Metal Lithium Potassium Barium Calcium Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Manganese Zinc Chromium Iron Cadmium Cobalt Nickel Tin Lead Hydrogen Copper Silver Mercury Platinum Gold Oxidation Reaction Li(s) -4 + e- Ba(s) -4 + 2e- Ca(s) + 2e- Na(s) Nat(aq) + e- Mg(s) -+ Mg2+(aq) + 2e Al(s) -+ Al" (aq) + 3e- Mn(s) -4 Mn2t(aq) + 2e- Zn(s) -4 + 2e- cr(s) + 3e Fe(s) -4 + 2e- Cd(s) -4 Cd2t(aq) + 2e- co(s) -4 + 2e- Ni(s) -4 + 2e- Sn(s) -9 Sn2+(aq) + 2e- Pb(s) -4 Pb2+(aq) + 2e- H2(g) -+ + 2e- Cu(s) -i Cu2+(aq) + 2e Ag(s) —+ + e- Hg(l) -4 Hg2+(aq) + 2e- Au(s) -4 Au3+(aq) + 3e- Halogens C12 Br2 o o Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings ⟶ Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Untitled picture.png Metal Lithium Potassium Barium Calcium Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Manganese Zinc Chromium Iron Cadmium Cobalt Nickel Tin Lead Hydrogen Copper Silver Mercury Platinum Gold Oxidation Reaction Li(s) -4 + e- Ba(s) -4 + 2e- Ca(s) + 2e- Na(s) Nat(aq) + e- Mg(s) -+ Mg2+(aq) + 2e Al(s) -+ Al" (aq) + 3e- Mn(s) -4 Mn2t(aq) + 2e- Zn(s) -4 + 2e- cr(s) + 3e Fe(s) -4 + 2e- Cd(s) -4 Cd2t(aq) + 2e- co(s) -4 + 2e- Ni(s) -4 + 2e- Sn(s) -9 Sn2+(aq) + 2e- Pb(s) -4 Pb2+(aq) + 2e- H2(g) -+ + 2e- Cu(s) -i Cu2+(aq) + 2e Ag(s) —+ + e- Hg(l) -4 Hg2+(aq) + 2e- Au(s) -4 Au3+(aq) + 3e- Halogens C12 Br2 o o Oxidation-Reduction and the Transfer of Electrons Many of the reactions that we have examined this week can also be classified as oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions. These reactions are classified on the basis of the transfer of electrons between species. The atom that loses electrons is oxidized (a lot of times this atom gains an oxygen) and the atom that gains electrons is reduced. (a lot of times this atom gains a hydrogen) We also refer to the oxidized species as the reducing agent because it supplies the electrons (electron donor) and the reduced species as the oxidizing agent because it receives the electrons (electron acceptor) Confusing right? Untitled picture.png The reducing agent: contains the atom that is oxidized contains the atom whose ionic charge increases is the electron donor The oxidizing agent: contains the atom that is reduced contains the atom whose ionic charge decreases is the electron acceptor To determine which atom is oxidized and which reduced it is helpful to assign an oxidation number (state) to the elements. This is different than the formal charge. Oxidation State – Elements have an oxidation state of zero. i.e. O2, Au, Br2, all are zero. Ionic compounds can be broken up into their ions Monoatomic ions take the oxidation state of their charge. K+ = +1 , Cr3+ = +3 For polyatomic ions you need to use a little algebra and give oxygen the state of -2 and H the state of +1 CrO42- to find Cr state: x + 4(-2) = charge of polyatomic x+ -8 = -2 x = +6 = oxidation state of chromium For the following, lets find the oxidized atom, reduced atom, oxidizing agent, reducing agent, and the total number of electrons transferred Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
For the following, lets find the oxidized atom, reduced atom, oxidizing agent, reducing agent, and the total number of electrons transferred Example 1: Ca(s) + Cl2(g) → CaCl2(s) Example 2: CH4(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g) Example 3: 4MnO₄⁻(aq) + 5N₂O₃(aq) + 2H⁺(aq) → 4Mn²⁺(aq) + 10NO₃⁻(aq) + H₂O(l) Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink 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