Lecture 18 - Chemical Calculations in Solution

Wednesday, March 13, 2024

3:24 PM

"The solvent is the most disregarded reactant in solution chemistry. It participates, it influences, and it shapes the reaction, yet it is rarely accounted for with the respect it deserves." Henry Eyring Week 10 Overview: https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28699/discussion_topics/682160 Class notes for Lectures 1-17: https://bricejurban.github.io/CHEM111/ Assignments this week: ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28699/assignments/1008030/edit?quiz_lti"Reading Quiz 7 - Chapter 11/12 ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28699/assignments/1008026"HW 10 - Chemical Calculations: Limiting Reactants, Percent Yield, Solutions Extra Credit Assignment (due 3/17): ﷟HYPERLINK "https://boisestatecanvas.instructure.com/courses/28699/assignments/1003293"Extra Credit: Molecular Orbital Theory (Chapter 9.1-9.4) Midterm 2 is published on Gradescope and the answer key is outside SCNC 336. If you notice any errors in grading, please make a regrade request through Gradescope. Office Hours: Friday 11-1 CIC ﷟HYPERLINK "https://calendly.com/bricejurban/office-hours"By appointment Today's Schedule: Thursday (3/14) Molarity and Dilutions Calculations in Solution Titrations Looking Ahead Tuesday (3/26) Midterm 3 Concentration Concentration: The quantitative ways of expressing the specific amount of solute dissolved in a solution. Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: Amount of Solute Concentration (C) = Amount of Solution When the concentrations of multiple solutions are compared to one another, each homogeneous mixture can be qualitatively described as being "concentrated" or "dilute," relative to the other solution.  Mass Percent (% m/m) (consumer products) Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: msolute (g) x 100 msolution ( g) 132 grams of tin (II) sulfate and 850. grams of water. Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: msolute (g) x 100 msolution ( g) Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: msolute (g) x 100 msolute (g) + Insolvent (g) Volume Percent (% v/v) (for miscible liquids) Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: 'Volume Percent = solute (mL) Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: Vsolute (mL) x 100 vsolute (mL) + (ml,) 144 mL of ethanol and 856 mL of water Mass/Volume Percent (% m/v) (used a lot in biology) Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: msolute (g) Mass/Volume Percent — x 100 ¯ v solutlon (mL) 289.15 grams of calcium azide, Ca(N3)2, in 1000 mL total solution Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
Molarity (for most chemistry purposes) Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: nsolute (mol) Molarity (M) solution (L) What is the concentration of a solution made with 0.150 moles of KOH in 400.0 mL of solution? 31.96 grams of magnesium nitrate [148.32 g/mol] in 943 mL solution of water What is the concentration of lithium ions in 0.450 M Li₂SO₄? Parts-per Notation (for very dilute solutions and water analysis) Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: msolute (g) x 103 parts per thousand = msolution g) msolute (g) x 106 parts per million (ppm) — msolution g) msolute (g) x 109 parts per billion (ppb) — msolution g) Oceanographers are studying the salinity of sea water in a coastal region. They find that a sample of seawater contains 35 grams of dissolved salts in 965 grams of water. In a water treatment plant, the quality of drinking water is being tested. An analysis shows that there are 0.150 grams of dissolved solids in 250 liters of water. 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Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: msolute (g) x 103 parts per thousand = msolution g) msolute (g) x 106 parts per million (ppm) — msolution g) msolute (g) x 109 parts per billion (ppb) — msolution g) An environmental scientist is measuring the concentration of a pesticide, DDT, in a lake. The analysis shows that there are 0.75 grams of DDT in 500,000 liters of lake water. Dilutions In chemistry and biology preparing diluted solutions from more concentrated solutions is an everyday process in the lab. By adding water to a concentrated solution we can dilute the solution. The number of moles stays the same, but the volume increases. Untitled picture.png Dilutions in the kitchen cm5l6rimage1.jpg Dilution Orange Juice Dilutions using volumetric flasks in the lab Untitled picture 5.2: Solutions and Dilutions - Chemistry LibreTexts Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
cm5l6rimage1.jpg Dilution Orange Juice Untitled picture 5.2: Solutions and Dilutions - Chemistry LibreTexts Serial Dilutions Serial_dilution.png 50 mL of a 6.0 M HCl solution is added to a 1L volumetric flask and filled to the line. what's the new concentration of HCl? I want to prepare 250mL of a 0.200 M HNO3 solution from a 4.00 M HNO3 stock solution, how much must I transfer to the volumetric flask? Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
A physician orders 100. mL of 2.0% (m/v) ibuprofen. What stock solution did you start with if you used 25 mL of the concentrated solution? The following successive dilutions are applied to a stock solution that is 5.60 M sucrose: Solution A = 46.0 mL of the stock solution is diluted to 116 mL Solution B = 58.0 mL of Solution A is diluted to 248 mL Solution C = 87.0 mL of Solution B is diluted to 287 mL What is the concentration of sucrose in solution C? 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Stoichiometric Calculations involving Solutions The molarity (mols solute per 1 liter) is a conversion factor between moles and volume. Untitled picture.png Machine generated alternative text: atoms/molecules of A atoms/molecules of B x by 6_022E23 grams of A . by molar mass of A . by 6022E23 moles of A x by M or V Coeffcient B Coefficient A moles of B +byM0TV x by molar mass of grams of B V in liters or M of solution A V in liters or M of solution B Here are some examples of chemical reactions where you might find using the molarity helpful: Single replacement reaction between a metal and an acid What mass in grams of tin would be required to completely react with 1.20 L of 0.750 M HBr in the following chemical reaction? Sn(s) + 4 HBr(aq) → SnBr₄ (aq) + 2 H₂ (g) Double replacement reaction that forms a precipitate What quantity in grams of precipitate will be formed when 100.0 mL of 0.200 M NaBr is reacted with excess Pb(NO₃)₂ in the following chemical reaction? Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings Ink Drawings
What quantity in grams of precipitate will be formed when 100.0 mL of 0.200 M NaBr is reacted with excess Pb(NO₃)₂ in the following chemical reaction? 2 NaBr (aq) + Pb(NO₃)₂ (aq) → PbBr₂ (s) + 2 NaNO₃ (aq) Double replacement reaction that forms a precipitate with a limiting reactant What quantity in moles of precipitate are formed when 25.0 mL of 1.00 M FeCl₃ reacts with 25.0 mL of 1.50 M AgNO₃ in the following chemical reaction? FeCl₃ (aq) + 3 AgNO₃ (aq) → 3 AgCl (s) + Fe(NO₃)₃ (aq) Finding an unknown concentration from a titration (Neutralization reaction) By titration it is found that 24.6 milliliters of 0.300 M H2SO4(aq) are required to neutralize 20.0 milliliters of NaOH(aq). Calculate the concentration of the NaOH solution. 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Finding an unknown molecular mass from a titration A 1.00-gram sample of an unknown acid is dissolved in water to make 100.0 milliliters of solution and is neutralized with 0.250 M NaOH(aq). The volume of NaOH(aq) required to neutralize the acid was 66.6 milliliters. Assume that the acid has only one acidic proton per formula unit. Compute the formula mass of the acid. 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